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Learning Theories

Learning Theories. What is Learning?. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience… Leaning is a relatively permanent change in mental representation of association as a result of experience… Jeanne Ormrod (2004). Learning Theorists. Behaviorist.

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Learning Theories

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  1. Learning Theories

  2. What is Learning? • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience… • Leaning is a relatively permanent change in mental representation of association as a result of experience… Jeanne Ormrod (2004)

  3. Learning Theorists Behaviorist Cognitivist Robert Gagne Lev Vygotsky

  4. Behaviorist Perspective • Learning is defined as a change in behavior― as a result of experience―that can be measured.Burton, Moore, & Magliaro, 2004; Driscoll, 2000; Ormrod, 2004 • Organisms learn through classical and operant conditioning. Circumstances in the environment, direct rewards, and indirect rewards “shape” behavior. Brandt and Perkins, 2000

  5. Robert Gagne • His theory stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. • Identifies 5 learning outcomes are possible: • Intellectual skill • Cognitive strategy • Verbal information • Motor skill • Attitude • Created a hierarchy to provide direction for instructors so that they can "identify prerequisites that should be completed to facilitate learning at each level”, and a basis for sequencing instruction. (cited in Kearsley 1994a)

  6. Nine Instructional Eventsof Robert Gagne

  7. Cognitivist Perspective • Learning is a change in mental representations and associations brought about by experiences. • Early research, “focused primarily on information processing, especially pattern recognition, memory, and problem solving. Brandt and Perkins, 2000 • Learners are not passively influenced by environmental events, but they “actively choose, practice, pay attention, ignore, reflect, and make many other decisions as they pursue goals”. Woolfolk, 2004

  8. Lev Vygotsky • Social Development Theory argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior. • His theory is one of the foundations of constructivism. • His theory asserts three major themes: • Social interaction • More Knowledgeable Other • Zone of Proximal Development

  9. Lev Vygotsky’sSocial Development Theory

  10. Behaviorism and Cognitivism • Both approaches provide useful perspectives on how people learn. • Following only one is not advisable when carrying out instructional design activities because every context is different. • No single approach can completely account for all the variables. • For successful instructional design to occur, instructional designers must be able to borrow from the different approaches to consider all variables.

  11. References http://carolyn.jlcarroll.net/LearnThists.html http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art3_3.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorndike http://www.essortment.com/all/jeanpiagettheo_rnrn.htm http://www.learning-theories.com/vygotskys-social-learning-theory.html The Essentials of Instructional Design, Abbie Brown and Timothy D. Green, 2006

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