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The War of 1812. BY JOANNE HOWARD. America's Second War for Independence?. American merchant. Great Britain. I hate you, French dude!. Je vous hais plus!. You boys can keep on killing each other. If either of y’all need anything, just give us Yankees a holler!. France. Causes of the
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The War of 1812 BY JOANNE HOWARD
America's Second War for Independence?
American merchant Great Britain I hate you, French dude! Je vous hais plus! You boys can keep on killing each other. If either of y’all need anything, just give us Yankees a holler! France
Causes of the War?
Causes of the War of 1812 Great Britain • In 1803, Britain and France went to war again. • Both countries seized U.S. ships sailing towards the ports of their enemy. France
• Britain continued its’ impressment of U.S. sailors. Between 1808 and 1811 over 6,000 Americans were impressed by the British.
2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair” • June 21, 1807. • Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake. • 3 dead, 18 wounded. • Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake. • Jefferson’s Response: • Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports. • Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.
One cause of the War of 1812 was the British disregard of American shipping rights. British ships frequently stopped American ships, confiscated their cargo, and impressed (captured) crew members, claiming they were deserters from Britain’s Royal Navy.
I know what to do! If we don’t allow American ships to trade withanyone, then they won’t get attacked! Mr. President, the British and French keep seizing American merchant ships. Something must be done! True, but that’s not what I had in mind! President Thomas Jefferson American merchant
Embargo Act (1807) • The Embargo Act banned U.S. ships from trading with any country. • All imports and exports were banned! • This hurt the U.S. economy! Non-Intercourse Act (1809) • Trade with all nations was allowed except Britain or France.
The Embargo Act of 1813 is personified by a huge terrapin, who seizes a smuggler by the pants. The cartoon was aimed at the people of New England, who, allegedly, were supplying the British with provisions.
4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) • Replaced the Embargo Act. • Remained U. S. policy until 1812. • Unexpected Consequences: • N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened]. • Laid the groundwork for US industrial power. • Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!
5. Br. Instigation of Indians British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh
The Prophet and Tecumseh • Tecumseh unified many tribes behind the message of the Prophet, who was his older brother. Chief Tecumseh of the Shawnee tribe
The Prophet and Tecumseh • Tenskwatawa, also known as “The Prophet”, believed that in order to survive, Native Americans had to give up white ways of life. Tenskwatawa, also known as “The Prophet”
Tecumseh Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white man’s treatment of his people. “We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death”
In 1808, the Prophet built a village for his followers in Tippecanoe, Indiana.
Showdown at Tippecanoe • In 1811, fearful of the growing strength of the Prophet and Tecumseh, Governor William Henry Harrison led 1,000 troops against them in the Battle of Tippecanoe. William Henry Harrison, Territorial Governor of Indiana
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 • General William HenryHarrison was governor ofthe Indiana Territory. • Invited Native Indianchiefs to Ft. Wayne, INto sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government. • Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. • Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. • This made Harrison a national hero![1840 electionTippecanoe & Tyler, too!]
The battle was viewed by Americans as a major victory, even though it was unclear which side actually won.
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 • US military victory led by General William H. Harrison • Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Tecumseh vs Harrison T E C U M S E H VS H A R R I S O N “One of those uncommon geniuses who spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established order of things. If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire that would rival in glory that of Mexico.” William Henry Harrison
“War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY]
War Hawks War Hawks – members of Congress, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky, that wanted to declare war on Great Britain 34 year old Henry Clay, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and War Hawk leader.
War Hawk’s Rationale for War I. Nationalism – pride or devotion to one’s country • Many Americans felt that Great Britain still treated the United States like a British colony. II. Revenge • War Hawk’s wanted revenge on Britain for seizing American ships.
War Hawk’s Rationale for War III. Territorial Expansion • Henry Clay wanted an excuse to conquer Canada from Great Britain and Florida from Spain. IV. Native American Attacks • War Hawks felt that Great Britain was arming Native Americans on the frontier and encouraging them to attack Americans.
Why Britain, not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war. “Mr. Madison’s War”
American Problems • The US was unprepared militarily: • Had a 20-ship navy vs. Britain’s1,000 ships. • Americans disliked a draft preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias. • Financially unprepared: • Flood of paper $. • Revenue from import tariffs declined. • Regional disagreements.
H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N • Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems: • U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy • Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US • New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war • Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it. Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814
Battle of Fort McHenry,1814 Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
Gave proof through the night,That our flag was still there..
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812 Naval Battles
Hartford ConventionDecember, 1814 – January, 1815 New England Considers Cecession!
H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N • Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems: • U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy • Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US • New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war • Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
New orleans BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS • 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase. • 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS • Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time • Defeated British’s best without help from any country • Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle. • Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S.
