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Internetworking Technologies EA C451/MBA C451

Internetworking Technologies EA C451/MBA C451. Internetworking technology accommodates multiple, diverse underlying hardware technologies by providing a way to interconnect heterogeneous networks and a set of communication conventions that makes them interoperate.

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Internetworking Technologies EA C451/MBA C451

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  1. Internetworking Technologies EA C451/MBA C451

  2. Internetworking technology accommodates multiple, diverse underlying hardware technologies by providing a way to interconnect heterogeneous networks and a set of communication conventions that makes them interoperate.

  3. Two basic categories of network hardware: • Connection Oriented • Connection Less Connection Oriented (Circuit Switched Technology) • Paradigm – Form a ‘‘connection’’ through the network – Send / receive data over the connection – Terminate the connection • Can guarantee bandwidth • Proponents argue that it works well with real-time applications • Example: ATM network

  4. Connectionless (Packet Switched Technology) • Paradigm • Form ‘‘packet’’ of data • Pass to network • Each packet travels independently • Packet includes identification of the destination • Each packet can be a different size • The maximum packet size is fixed (some technologies limit packet sizes to 1,500 octets or less)

  5. Broad Characterizations Of Packet Switching Networks • Local Area Network (LAN) • Wide Area Network (WAN) • Categories are informal and qualitative Local Area Networks Engineered for – Low cost – High capacity -- Direct connection among computers -- Limited distance

  6. In the coming lectures, unless otherwise stated, we are going to deal with: • Connection less services • Packet switched network • TCP/IP protocol suite for internetworking

  7. Ethernet Now, let us understand issues about connecting different networks by looking in brief about a specific network: ETHERNET: a computer network technology for local area network.

  8. Ethernet Technology • Ethernet is the name given to a popular packet-switched LAN technology invented at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s • Using Ethernet, data can be transmitted at 10 Mbps. • Ethernet versions • l0OBase-T, or Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps • dual-speed Ethernet or I0/100 Ethernet: • 1000 Base-T, or giga bit Ethernet: 1 Gbps For other network technologies it may be different. How synchronization is achieved?

  9. Ethernet Technology • Ethernet was designed to be a • shared bus: because all stations connect to a single, shared communication channel. • broadcast technology because all stations receive every transmission, making it possible to transmit a packet to all stations at the same time. • best-effort delivery mechanism because the hardware provides no information to the sender about whether the packet was delivered. • Access control is distributed because Ethernet has no central authority to grant access. The Ethernet access scheme is called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD).

  10. Ethernet Technology • Ethernet has: • 48 bit MAC address. • Maximum frame size of 1522 bytes. • Best effort delivery. • Following frame structure Addressing max frame size capacity Reliability different Frame Structure Other Aspects Different Networks can differ on For internet, this is TCP/IP protocol suite This requires an overlay protocol suite on top of these different networks

  11. Ethernet Technology • Although a computer can generate data at Ethernet speed, raw network speed should not be thought of as the rate at which two computers can exchange data. Instead, network speed should be thought of as a measure of total traffic capacity.

  12. TCP/IP TCP/IP is designed to use all types of networks • Connection-oriented • Connectionless • Local Area Network (LAN) • Wide Area Network (WAN) • Point-to-point link • Set of bridged networks • Where each technology defines an addressing scheme

  13. Architectural Model • The primary goal is a system that hides the details of underlying network hardware while providing universal communication services. • The primary result is a high-level abstraction that provides the framework for all design decisions.

  14. Internetwork / Internet Desired Properties • Universal service • End-to-end connectivity • Transparency Agreement Needed To Achieve Desired Properties • Data formats • Procedures for exchanging information • Identification • Services • Computers • Applications • Broad concepts: naming and addressing

  15. Interconnection Through IP Routers • In a TCP/IP internet, special computers called IP routers or IP gateways provide interconnections among physical networks. • it provides a way to interconnect networks, not just computers. • Routers used with TCP/IP internets are usually small computers. They often have little disk storage and modest main memories. • The trick to building a small internet router lies in the following concept: Routers use the destination network, not the destination computer, when forwarding a packet

  16. Building An Internet • Use multiple IP routers • Ensure that each network is reachable • Do not need router between each pair of networks For example:

  17. Equal Treatment • The TCP/IP internet protocols treat all networks equally. A Local Area Network such as an Ethernet, a Wide Area Network used as a backbone, or a point-to-point link between two computers each count as one network.

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