Carbon Compounds In Cells

1. Carbon Compounds In Cells

2. Carbon • All living things contain carbon • All things that contain carbon are considered organic compounds (manure) • Inorganic compounds don’t contain carbon (fertilizers)

3. Plays Well With Others • Carbon has four bonding sites • This makes carbon versatile • This makes carbon stable • Carbon is considered the backbone of living things

4. Main Organic Molecules • LipIds- long chains also called fats • CarbOhydrates- carbons formed with oxygen (carbon and hydro) to make a ring • ProteiNs- Carbon and nitrogen, looks like an airplane with luggage (R group) • Nucleic Acids- DNA, RNA, ATP

5. Monomers and Polymers • Mono = one, mer = part Polymer = many parts • LIDIDS: Fatty acids are monomers that form the polymer called Lipids • CARBOHYDRATES: Saccharides (sugars) are monomers that form the polymer called polysaccrides called Carbohydrates • PROTEIN: Amino Acids are monomers that form the polymer called polypeptides called proteins

7. Making a Polymer • Polymers are created by combining monomers and vise versa • TO COMBINE monomers- use a condensation reaction and loose WATER • TO TAKE APART a polymer- use a hydrolysis reaction and gain WATER • So condenstation is A + B = AB and hydrolysis is AB = A + B • A reaction works better with enzymes

8. CONDENSATION enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4a, p. 37

9. HYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4b, p. 37

10. 3 Carbohydrates • 1. Simple carbohydrates called simple sugars (monosaccharides) • Glucose (six carbon sugar) or fructose • 2. Short Chained carbohydrates • Sucrose (glucose and fructose together) • 3. Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) • Starch (plant), glycogen (animal), cellulose, chitin (bugs)

11. Lipids • Straight chain of carbons • Phospholipids are important in the cell covering • Can be saturated fat or unsaturated fat • Saturated with hydrogens or not • Saturated fat is found in animals, unsaturated is found in plants • UNSAT SUN, SAT UNSUN • (except coconut and palm oils) • Saturated fat is solid at room temperature, unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature

13. Hydrogenated Oils • Trans fats are polyunsaturated oils forced into a life of crime • Fats are incorporated into your cell membrane • Trans fats disrupt normal cell function • Trans fats can cause: headaches, joint pain, back pain, arthritis, skin problems, PMS, menstrual cramps. cancer, heart attack, stroke

14. Good (cis) and Bad (trans) Fats

15. Protein • An amino acid is the monomer of protein • 20 amino acids and 9 are essential for us • Amino acid structure is an amino group with a carboxyl group and an “R” group • An amino acid looks like a airplane with the “R” group hanging down like luggage • The “R” group changes for each amino acid but the amino and carboxyl don’t change • just an H for the “R” group gives us the amino acid GLYCINE, three carbons gives us VALINE

16. carboxyl group amino group R group Fig. 3.13, p. 42

17. tyrosine (tyr) lysine (lys) glutamate (glu) glycine (gly) UNCHARGED, POLAR AMINO ACID POSITIVELY CHARGED, POLAR AMINO ACID NEGATIVELY CHARGED, POLAR AMINO ACID valine (val) phenylalanine (phe) methionine (met) proline (pro) Fig. 3.12, p. 42

18. Proteins • Polymer of amino acids is called a polypeptide chain • Named after the bonds that form between amino acids called peptide bonds • Simplest polypeptide (therefore the simplest protein) is INSULIN consists of 51 amino acids