Europeans Explore America

1. Europeans Explore America Chapter 3

2. Middle Ages500-1350 • Europeans thought of the World as a disk floating on a great ocean. • Disk consists of 3 continents: Asia, Europe, Africa • Dared to sail the oceans. • All except the Vikings (great sailors who sailed as far as Newfoundland) (Vinland). • Settled in Newfoundland (Vinland) • Left in 1013 ( Unknown reason)

3. Middle East • Countries located on the continents of Asia near Europe and Africa. • Feudalism • War was a way of life for the lords they fought amongst one another for power and land. (Thousands died during the fighting and starvation)

4. Europe in Middle Ages • Manor- village or several villages and surrounding land. Serfs lived and farmed on the manor. • Manor was self-sufficient, they produced everything they needed (production of crops and they made their own tools. • Peddler- visited the manor bringing in outside goods for sell.

5. Horizons • 1050 –Changes took place • Peasants found better ways to farm and grow more food. • Warfare declined and trade increased. • Townspeople became very interested in trade and travel.

6. Crusades • A series of wars aimed at conquering the Holy Land (Jerusalem/Palestine) • Christians found it sacred because Jesus lived and taught here. • Also sacred for Jews and Muslims

7. Crusades cont… • 1100- 1300 Christians fought a series of Religious wars for control of the Holy Land. • Christians failed to win so it was controlled by the Arabs and Muslims for 200 years • Christians were allowed to visit peacefully • Late 1000’s Seljuk Turks conquered the Holy Land and would kill Christians when they visited.

8. Crusades cont.. • During Middle Ages all Christians in Western Europe belonged to Catholic Church led by Pope William II • 1095- Pope called for a Crusade to take the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks (killed). • They went on for two hundred years where thousands of Christians and Muslims were killed.

9. Results of Crusades • Christians failure to free the Holy Land from Muslims helped to change Europe in several ways: • Ship builders of Northern Italy and sailors learned a lot from building and sailing the ships that took Crusaders across the Mediterranean to the Holy Land. 2. Merchants increased their trade with the Middle East. Italian Merchants controlled most of this trade. 3. Crusaders returned with tastes of Middle East foods (e.g. rice, oranges. Etc) Introduced spices

10. Results of the Crusaders cont.. 4. Italian Merchants found easier ways to sail. Made it less frightening to sail. Use of compass and astrolabe came in to use. 5. Increased trade and travel made Europeans aware of more of the world. • Marco Polo befriended Kulilai Khan leader of China decided to visit China were he found an empire far advanced than any empire in Europe.

11. Renaissance Re-birth 1350-1600 • 1450 –books formally written by hand became easier after the invention of the printing press. • Johann Gutenberg (Germany) invented metal engraved letters of the alphabet called moveable type because they could be reused to form words and sentences. • 1455 Gutenberg printed the Bible by using the moveable type. • This was the beginning of the printing press.

12. Rise of Strong Nations • Spain/Portugal went through a long slow process of building their nations. • Middle Ages- Christians succeeded in driving the Muslims south of Europe but the land remained divided among rulers. • 1469- Ferdinand, king of Aragon, and Isabella, queen of Castile were married and united much of Spain and joined forces against the Muslims. • In order to continue trade routes to Asia, Europeans had to find another route to Asia because the Arab and the Italians controlled the Mediterranean.

13. Spain & Aragon

14. New Routes to Asia • Portugal believed it could reach the East Indies by sailing south around the tip of Africa and then East to India. • Spain hoped it could reach the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. • Navigation-the practice of plotting a course at sea.

15. Portugal’s Search • Prince Henry Known as the “Prince Henry the Navigator” • 1419 Est. an informal school for sailors at Sagres (SAH grehz) • Problem: Sailors could sail with the wind but not against it. • 1488 Bartholomew Dias traveled to Asia around the southern tip(Cape of Storm) later named Cape of Good Hope by King John of Portugal • 1497 Vasco da Gama “make discoveries in search of spices” Reached India in 1498.

16. Spain’s Search • Italian navigator Christopher Columbus set sail for Asia believing he could reach it by sailing west. • King of Portugal refused to fund because he believed Columbus’s voyage would take at least 4 months. Portuguese preferred to explore the route around Africa. • Columbus met with Queen Isabella of Spain and after 6 years of pleading, she finally funded his voyage.

17. A voyage of discovery • August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail on his voyage. • Included 90 sailors 3 ships • Santa Maria , Nina, Pinta • (September 6, 1492 changed course and followed a flock of birds.) • October 12, 1492 reached New land, thinking that he had reached the East Indies, he called the local people paddling to meet him INDIANS. (Tainos) • Columbus made many voyages and charted routes for other followers. He established a colony at Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico

18. Naming the New World • 1499 Amerigo Vespucci sailed the Northern Coast of South America, and later wrote a letter describing a “New World” • 1507 a German Mapmaker named America after Vespucci and not Columbus.

19. Vespucci Voyage

20. Dividing up the World • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas • Treaty between Spain and Portugal • Line of Demarcation- A line was drawn to divide the world • Spain could colonize and trade to the east of the line, Portugal colonize and have control to the west of the line ( China and India) • (1513) Vasco Balboa (Spain) • Crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the South Sea (Pacific Ocean)

21. Spain in the New World

22. Between 1492-1535, conquistadors won a large empire for Spain. • Conquistadors set up colonies with little help or money from Spain. • Once the colonies began to make money for Spain, it began to pay more attention to the colonies.

23. Governing an empire. • In 1535, Spanish King Charles V set up a system of government in the colonies that lasted for 300 years. • The empire was divided into 2 regions. • New Spain-included Spanish colonies in the West Indies, Central America, and North America. • Peru­-included all Spanish lands in South America.

24. Governing an empire cont.. • The king put a viceroy in charge of each region. • Viceroy-an official who rules an area in the name of a king or queen. • The viceroys & officials enforced laws called Laws of the Indies. • Laws of the Indies-said how the colonies should be ruled. • Told farmers what to plant & how to raise cattle. • Told how & where towns should be built. (ex: town and to be built on high ground with good farmland, woods & water nearby.)

25. Governing an empire cont.. • The 3 settlements set up by Laws of the Indies. • Pueblos-towns that were centers for farming & trade. • At center of town was a plaza, or large open space. • The plaza was surrounded by town buildings, private homes, & a church. • Presidios-(pray SIH deeohs) forts that housed soldiers. • Was rectangular & was surrounded by high mud brick walls. • Inside were shops, store house, & horse stables. • Missions-religious settlements run by Catholic priests & friars. • They believed it was their duty to convert Indians into Christians. • Priest forced Indians to live there & learn about Christianity.

26. Social Classes • At the top were peninsulars (Spaniards)-they were born in Spain & were sent by Spanish government to rule colonies. • (only ones who could hold government positions & high church positions. Wealthy landowners, but lived in cities.) • Below peninsulares were creoles-they were descended from Spanish settlers who were born in the Americas. (many were wealthy & well educated) • Owned large farms & raised large crops. (things that were in demand in Europe-bananas, rice, melons, & wheat).

27. Social Classes • Below creoles were Mestizos(Mehs TEE zohs)-were mixed Spanish & Indian background. • Worked on farms owned by creoles. • In cities they were carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, & bakers. • At the bottom were Native Americans Peon-they were kept in poverty. • Slaves

28. Native Americans in Spanish colonies • Spanish settlers in the West Indies became rich from plantations. • Plantation- large estates farmed by many workers. • On these estates they grew sugar cane & tobacco, which plantation owners sent to Spain. • (sugar cane could be made into sugar, molasses or rum). • Native Americans Peonwere forced to work on these plantations.

29. Spanish settlers in Peru & Mexico found silver & gold. • Native Americans Peons were forced from their homes & sent to the mines to work. (worked 12 hour days) • Thousands died from overwork, mine accidents, & horrible conditions. • Many NA (Peons) also died from diseases they caught from English.

30. Bartolome de Las Casa • -a priest from Spain who worked to improve the conditions for the N. Americans. • In 1544 Las Casa helped to get laws passed to protect NA. • said NA couldn’t be slaves. • Allowed them to own cattle and grow crops. • The new laws helped a little, but did not end disease or mistreatment.

31. Slaves from Africa • Las Casa advised the Spanish settlers to replace NA with slaves from Africa. • He said Africans would not die from European diseases. • Since they were already farmers in their land, they would have helpful skills. • Spanish agreed & began using slaves from Africa. Before he died he regretted bringing in slaves because he saw how they were mistreated

32. Impacts of the New World • Influences by the Native Americans • Introduced colonists to new food such as corn, tomatoes, chocolate, & potatoes. • Spanish wore Native American clothing such as the poncho. • Native American words became part of the Spanish language. (canoe, tobacco, & hurricane)

33. Influences by the Spanish • Built libraries, theaters, & churches. • By 1551, the Spanish had opened universities.

34. Early Claims to NA cont… • Search for a Northwest Passage Northwest Passage- a waterway through or around North America. To Europeans, spices in Europe were still more valuable than land in the New World. • Europeans wanted to find a quicker passage to Asia by using the Northwest Passage. • Explorers continued looking for the Northwest Passage in the 1700s & 1800s.

35. Early Claims in NA cont… Trouble in Europe • During the 1500s & 1600s, European nations fought many wars over religion. • Until the 1500s, the Catholic Church was the only church in Western Europe. • In 1517, German monk Martin Luther called for reforms, or changes, in the church & caused the church to split. • Luther’s followers became known as Protestants. (from the word protest, since they were protesting against the church.) • This split from the Catholic church was called the Protestant Reformation. • During the Protestant Reformation, many different churches were formed.

36. Early Claims in NA cont… Spain and England • In late 1500s, Spain was the most powerful Catholic nation. • Spanish King Phillip II wanted to force Protestants to return to the Catholic Church. • Queen Elizabeth I of England was the head of a new church, the Church of England. • Church of England brought money & power to the queen. • She didn’t want King Phillip II of Spain to take over England and forcing it to follow the Catholic Church. • Spain & England began to battle.

37. Early Claims in NA cont.. • English Sea Dogs- part of the English navy. • Were called pirates by the Spanish • They would attack Spanish treasure ships. • They won fame & fortune for themselves, & fought against Spain for their country. • Sir Francis Drake was one of the most famous Sea Dogs.

38. Early Claims in NA cont... • The Spanish Armada • In 1588 Spain launched ships against England, which were called the Spanish Armada. • Sea Dogs & Armada began to battle • England defeated the Armada.