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Europeans Explore the East

Europeans Explore the East. I. Gold, God, & Glory. Before 1400s = Euros. (little outside contact) Motivating factors of exploration?. A. New Trade Routes. New sources of wealth = #1 motivation! Exposed to exotic spices & silks = Crusades High Demand + Low Supply = High Prices

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Europeans Explore the East

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  1. Europeans Explore the East

  2. I. Gold, God, & Glory • Before 1400s = Euros. (little outside contact) • Motivating factors of exploration?

  3. A. New Trade Routes • New sources of wealth = #1 motivation! • Exposed to exotic spices & silks = Crusades • High Demand + Low Supply = High Prices • Muslims & Italians controlled trade from East • Euros. grew tired of paying high $$$$$

  4. B. The Spread of God • Crusades = hostility betw. Christians/Muslims • MUST SPREAD THE WORD OF GOD!!!

  5. C. Technological Advances • 1. Mapmaking improved (Ren.---Ptolemy) • Added info. about Af. & Asia • Sea captains were inspired by new maps

  6. 2. Navigation Instruments • Compass (Chinese invention – 70 CE) • Astrolabe (Muslims – 800 CE)

  7. 3. Caravel (1400s) • Euro. ships could NOT sail against wind • Caravel = had triangular sails (Arabs)

  8. II. Portugal Leads the Way • Port. = first country to est. posts in W. Af.

  9. A. Portuguese in Africa • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Determined to reach the East • Spread God • 1419: founded navigation school (Port.) • Canary Islands, Azores, & Madeira

  10. B. Port. Reach Asia • 1488: Bartolomeu Diaz—reached southern tip of Af. • Explored S.E. Af. • 1497: Vasco da Gama—explored E. coast of Af. & reached Calicut (S.W. India) --returned to Port. (1499) w/spices --gave Port. direct sea route to India

  11. III. Spanish Claims • 1492: Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance voyage across Atlantic • Oct.—reached Bahamas (East Indies?) • Opened up Euro. colonization in Amers. • Tensions betw. Spain & Port. • 1493: Pope Alexander VI—Line of Demarcation • West of line = Spain • East of line = Port. • TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

  12. IV. Indian Ocean Trade • Euro. nations competed for territory (S. & S.E. Asia)

  13. A. Port’s. Trading Empire • Port. took control of spice trade from Muslims • 1514: Port. gained control of Straits of Hormuz • 1510: Port. captured Goa (India) (capital) • 1511: Port. sailed to East Indies • Strait of Malacca (Spice Islands) • Broke Muslim-Italian trade domination • 1521: Ferdinand Magellan (Philippines) • Spanish claim = 1565

  14. B. Others Challenge Port. • 1600: English & Dutch challenged Port. • Dutch = largest fleet (20,000) • Formed an East India Company (est. & directed trade) • Dutch East India Company = LARGEST/DOMINATED • 1619: took Spice Islands from Port. • Amsterdam • 1700: Dutch controlled much of Asian trade

  15. C. British Traders • 1700: British East India Co. = India (cotton) • Euro. impact did not spread beyond ports

  16. V. China Limits Euro. Contacts • Euros. sought trade in E. Asia (China & Japan)

  17. A. China Under Ming (1368-1644) • China = dominated Asia • Vassal states = paid tribute (Euros. too!) • Yonglo (1398): moved capital to Beijing • Created the Forbidden City (1406-1420) • 1405: funded 7 exploratory voyages • Impress the world & gain more tribute

  18. B. Voyages of Zheng He • Led all 7 voyages • EVERYTHING WAS HUGE (distances & ships) • S.E. Asia to E. Af. • “Floating City” sailing throughout Indian Ocean • 16 countries sent tribute to Ming • Too much $$$$$!!!!! • 1433: Voyages ended --- ISOLATION

  19. VI. The Qing Dynasty • 1600: Ming rule declined • 1644: Manchus est. Qing Dynasty

  20. A. Manchus Cont. Isolation • Had to obey Chinese rules of trade • Select ports, tribute, kowtow • Dutch accepted rules • 1793: letter from King George III to Qing Emp. • Wanted to import Brit. goods into China • Qing Emp. declared China to be self-sufficient There is nothing we lack, as your principle envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures. • China remained isolated until mid-1800s

  21. VII. Contact Betw. Euro. & Japan • 16th Cent. = Euro. merchants & missionaries

  22. A. Port. in Japan • 1543: Port. sailors shipwrecked in Japan • Merchants followed—brought manufactured items (firearms) • Daimyo? In their hands they carried something two or three feet long, straight on the outside with a passage inside, and made of a heavy substance.... This thing with one blow can smash a mountain of silver and a wall of iron. If one sought to do mischief in another man’s domain and he was touched by it, he would lose his life instantly. • Japanese produced these weapons • Eliminated Samurai culture

  23. 1549: Christian missionaries arrived • Were accepted…at first • By 1600: over 300,000 were converted • Tokugawa Ieyasu (Shogun)– upset by missionaries • 1612: Ieyasu banned Christianity • 1637: 30,000 peasant Christians revolted against their daimyo • Led by Amakusa Shiro • Christians were ruthlessly persecuted • Euro. missionaries = killed or deported • Japanese = demonstrate faithfulness to Buddhism

  24. B. The Closed Country Policy • Japanese did not like Euro. ideas but valued their trade • By 1639: “closed country policy” • Commercial contacts ended • Nagasaki—only port open—Dutch & Chinese • Japanese forbidden to leave • Self-sufficient • 1854: Matthew C. Perry & Millard Fillmore • Convention of Kanagawa

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