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Mapping the Global Science & Technology Enterprise

Mapping the Global Science & Technology Enterprise. Ruth A. David, PhD President & CEO, Analytic Services Inc. Member, US National Academy of Engineering 16 June 2009 State University – Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia. Major Topics.

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Mapping the Global Science & Technology Enterprise

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  1. Mapping the Global Science & Technology Enterprise Ruth A. David, PhD President & CEO, Analytic Services Inc. Member, US National Academy of Engineering 16 June 2009 State University – Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia

  2. Major Topics • Primary enablers of globalization of science and technology • Key statistical indicators • Workforce • Patents & Publications • Funding • Leaders in innovation • Companies • Countries • Actions to foster innovation

  3. “There is no national science just as there is no national multiplication table.” (Anton Chekhov 1860-1904) • “Globalization and Science: A Speeded-Up Virtuous Cycle” • “The internet and electronic publication revolution have proved a boon – expanding the areas of research and accelerating the pace of knowledge exchange.” • Source: Ramamurti Shankar; YaleGlobal; 28 March 2003 • “Science is Becoming Truly Worldwide” • “Bulk of growth in scientific papers is in Europe and Asia; U.S. posts far more modest gains.” • Source: Michael Heylin, C&EN Washington; 14 June 2004 • “Globalization of Science Rolls On” • “Growth of scientific literature remains strong, while the WORLD OF SCIENCE continues to flatten.” • Source: Michael Heylin, C&EN Washington; 27 November 2006 • “Leveraging China and India” • “Two countries are the key to staying competitive in cost, talent, and innovation.” • Source: Gupta and Wang; CEO Magazine; March/April 2009

  4. Caveat 1: Most data charts do not yet reflect the (uncertain) impact of the global recession. Post-Meltdown Venture Capital Strategies: Level of Investment Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

  5. Caveat 2: Extrapolation of data trends is unlikely to accurately forecast future results. The Web is a Key Enabler of Globalization of S&T Chart Source: Radar Networks & Nova Spivack, 2007 www.radarnetworks.com Last accessed 10 June 2009

  6. Key Statistical Indicators • Data sources are noted on charts • Primary source: National Science Foundation Science & Engineering Indicators 2008 • Available online • Statistics reflect most current data available • Do not reflect recent governmental initiatives • Do not reflect recent economic crisis

  7. The global population of highly educated individuals is both larger and less concentrated than in 1980. Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  8. The number of researchers worldwide is growing; the global distribution is shifting. • Size of Global Research Workforce • Overall 50% growth from 1995 to 2005 • Grew 35% in U.S. • Grew 29% in EU • Grew 5% in Japan • Grew 60% in other OECD countries • Doubled in selected non-OECD countries • OECD data: Researcher population dropped by nearly 24% in the Russian Federation Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  9. Trends in patent applications indicate new sources of high-technology competition. • Applications for U.S. Patents • Acceleration of applications beginning in mid-90s coincided with strengthening of patent system and extension of patent protection into new technology areas. • U.S. share of U.S. applications dropped from 55% in 1996 to 53% in 2005. In 2008, slightly more than 50% of patents granted by USPTO were foreign origin. (Source: www.uspto.gov; last accessed 12 June 2009) Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  10. Internationally, R&D expenditures are concentrated but becoming less so. Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  11. Investment in basic research relative to GDP indicates differences in national priorities and incentives. Basic research share of gross domestic product by country/economy: 2003 or 2004 Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  12. The global S&T enterprise is “flat.” • Intellectual capital is mobile. • Academic researchers collaborate worldwide. • Businesses leverage research talent worldwide. • Venture capitalists pursue investment opportunities worldwide.

  13. The United States continues to benefit from foreign-born scientists and engineers. Data from 2003 Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  14. A sizable percentage of science and engineering articles stem from international collaboration. Notes: Internationally coauthored articles have at least one collaborating institution from indicated country and an institution from outside that country. Data are from 2005. Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  15. Multi-national corporations (MNCs) leverage researchers worldwide. R&D expenditures by majority-owned affiliates in US and R&D performed abroad by majority-owned foreign affiliates of US parent companies. $$ Millions Data Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  16. Long term impact of current recession is difficult to forecast. • Venture capitalists provide “leading indicators” • Concerns regarding funding sources • Shift in regional investment strategy • Shift in sector investment strategy • Significant focus on “clean technology” • Corroborated by explicit initiatives

  17. The recession is affecting venture funding sources; government investments will become more important. Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

  18. Significant regional shifts in venture capital investment are projected over the next 3 years. Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

  19. Venture capital investment is expected to shift between sectors over the next 3 years. Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

  20. Virtually all regions are expected to increase investment in clean technologies. Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

  21. “A Zero-Emissions City in the Desert” • Masdar Initiative • $15 billion investment by the government of Abu Dhabi • Target completion in 2016 • Plan for 1,500 clean-tech businesses • Sized for 50,000 residents “…an attempt to create the world’s first car-free, zero-carbon-dioxide-emissions, zero waste city.” Data Source: Article by Kevin Bullis Technology Review March/April 2009 www.technologyreview.com Last accessed 12 June 2009

  22. “Global Airlines Take Steps To A Greener Future” • According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), “Airlines all over the world have agreed to attain carbon neutral expansion by 2020.” • Aviation accounts for 2% of greenhouse gas pollution and that number is expected to increase. • IATA endorses a four-pillar plan that covers investment in technology . . . • “ . . . improved fuel efficiency is not enough. Our emissions must stop growing.” Source: REDORBIT NEWS 8 June 2009; www.redorbit.com Last accessed 12 June 2009

  23. Economic success is linked to innovation. • Innovation: The introduction of new goods, services, of business processes in the marketplace. • R&D enables invention (but does not guarantee it) • Invention enables innovation (but does not guarantee it) • In the end, it is the results of R&D expenditures that matter, not their amount. Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Overview; O-12—O-13 National Science Foundation; www.nsf.gov Last accessed 10 June 2009

  24. New centers of innovation are emerging. Data indicate headquarter country and are derived from annual surveys conducted by Boston Consulting Group in partnership with Business Week magazine. 13 companies retained top 20 status from 2005 to 2009 5 companies among the top 20 in 2005 fell below top 50 by 2009 Data Source: Most Innovative Companies www.businessweek.com Last accessed 11 June 2009

  25. Countries must be “innovation-friendly” to attract investment from multinational corporations. Singapore South Korea Switzerland Iceland Ireland Hong Kong Finland United States Japan Sweden Iceland Denmark Netherlands Luxembourg Canada Britain Israel Austria Norway Germany France Malaysia Australia Estonia Spain Belgium New Zealand China Cyprus Portugal Qatar Data Source: The World’s Most Innovative Countries www.businessweek.com Last accessed 11 June 2009

  26. Venture capitalists identify specific actions that government can take to foster innovation. Data Source: Global VC Survey Results www.nvca.org Last accessed 10 June 2009

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