A Tour Through the Discovery of Performance

1. A Tour Through the Discovery of Performance By P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Study of Historical development to decide parameters of change….

2. Major Equipment in Rankine Cycle

3. Nature of Power Plant Performance Factors • Heat rate, thermal efficiency, capacity factor, load factor, economic efficiency, operational efficiency, energy efficiency • All the quantities are ratios of cyclic integrals of Power Plant Operational Variables. • A cyclic integral is a collective nature of various units of a plant. • What is there in the Power Plant is the first step to carryout performance analysis. • Knowing why equipment are like the form they are gives broader view about performance analysis. • Understanding what and why will help in knowing where it should be and where it is.

4. Syllabus • Introduction : 2 Lectures • History of Power plants & Performance Analysis. • The First model for power plants. • Cyclic Analysis of Steam Power Plant:4 Lecture • Concept -- The Rankine Cycle -- Performance Factors -- Effect of Temperature and Pressure on The Performance of Rankine Cycle -- The Reheat Cycle -- The Regenerative Cycle -- Deviation of Actual Cycle from Ideal Cycles.

5. Regenerative Feed-heating -- Open and Closed Feed Water Heaters, Deaerators -- Optimum Division of Total Enthalpy Rise Amongst the Individual Heaters -- Optimum Feed Temperatures -- Choice of the Number of Feed Water Heaters.

6. Syllabus : Boiler Performance • 8 lectures • Boiler efficiency; • Theoretical air, Optimum air and Actual air consumption; • Boiler losses; • Boiler Heat Transfer Analysis; • Model Based Boiler Heat Balance Analysis; • Design, Expected and Actual Boiler Performance; • Boiler Degradation; • Soot Blowing Analysis.

7. Steam Turbine Performance • 6 Lectures • Overview; • Steam Turbine Configurations, Seals and Leaks; • Steam Turbine Thermal Performance, Effeciency and Heat Rate Analysis, • Pressure, Temperature and Flow Relationships; • Steam Turbine Heat Balance Analysis; • Design, Expected and Overall Performance; • Steam Turbine Degradation; • Model Based Steam Turbine Performance Analysis.

8. Performance of Heat Exchangers • 6 Lectures • Feedwater Heater Performance; • Air Heater Performance; • Performance analysis of Dearators, Drums and Open Heaters; • Condenser Performance, • Condenser Heat Balance Analysis; • Design, Expected and Actual Performance of Condenser. • Cooling Tower Performance Analysis.

9. Pump Performance • Overview; • Extended Benoulli's Equation; • Pump Curves, Affinity Laws; • Model Based Pump Performance; • Pump Degradation.

10. Combined Cycle Power Plants • Combined Cycle Power Plants : (2 Lectures) • Combined Gas-steam Plant -- The Ideal, Super-regenerative Steam Cycle -- The Field Cycle -- Performance Parameters. • Gas Turbine Performance : (4 Lectures) • Over view; Perfomance Curves; Overall Gas Turbine Heat Balance; Model Based Gas Turbine Perfromance Analsysi; Gas Turbine Degradation. • Heat Recovery Steam Generator Performance : (4 Lectures) • Over view; HRSG Efficiency and Effectiveness; HRSG Heat Balance Analysis; HRSG Performance Evaluation.

11. Optimization • (4 Lectures) • Introduction -- Mathematical Model Construction -- Methods of Optimization • Online Performance Optimization • Case Studies

12. REFERENCE MATERIAL • Analysis of Engineering Cycles -- R W Haywood. • Power Plant System Design -- K W Li & A P Priddy. • Power Plant Performance -- A B Gill. • Modern Power Station Practice -- Birtish Electricity International, London. • Steam and Gas Turbines -- A Kostyuk \& V Frolov. • Powerplant Technology -- M M EI-Wakil. • Gas Turbine Theory -- H Cohen, G F C Rogers -- H I H Saravanamuttoo. • Selected papers on special topics from various journals.

13. P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi Development of Power Generation Cycles All inventions are need driven ….. However, the final they need for which they are in use is quite different from the need for which they are invented….. A Tour through Power Era (1600 AD to 2100AD)…..

14. P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi 1 GW Solar Space Power Station

15. P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi 1600 – 1800 AD :Generation of Power to pump A Fluid…..

16. P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi James Watt • The Watt engine worked in 1778, and it consumed 1/3 of the steam that the Newcomen engine used. • This engine worked a crossbeam for pumping. The cylinder was closed (by a cap) and heated by a warm steam jacket. • The condenser, positioned underground, was cooled and vacuum operated (by a pump). • When the piston reached the top of its stroke the exhaust-valve opened and a partial vacuum was produced below the piston • Above the piston, at the same time, the entrance of steam helped the atmospheric pressure to drive the piston down. • On this stroke the crossbeam raised water in the pump.

17. P M V Subbarao Mechanical Engineering, IIT Delhi James WattEngine • Watt's Double-Acting Engine, 1784. • The Watt Hammer, 1784. • Trevithick's Locomotive, 1804 • The " Atlantlc," 1832. • Steam Engine Reached its pinnacle in size when it was called to drive 5 MW electric generator. Power Generation As A Alternate to Horse or Cattle…..