Anatomy & Physiology

1. Anatomy & Physiology Portfolio Group ProjectMr. MasieroMay 2005 Vanessa King-Knight

2. The nutrients your body uses are divided into six major types. Although they work together, each play a vital role in your health and well-being. • Carbohydrates:are the body’s main a source of energy. Carbohydrates are found in foods such as fruits,vegetables,grain products, and dry beans and peas. • Fats:are a concentrated source of energy and are needed to transport other nutrients. • Proteins: help build, repair, and maintain body tissues. • Vitamins: are chemicals that help regulate many vital body processes and other nutrients in doing their jobs. • Minerals: are non-living substances which help the body to work properly. • Water:is a nutrient because is essential to life. It makes up most of your body weight too.

3. Carbohydrates • Complex carbohydrates are broken down into sub-categories: starches and dietary fibers. Foods high in starch are usually good sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. Carbohydrates are found in fruits , vegetables,grain products and dry beans and peas and bread. • Dietary fiber: a mixture of plant materials that is not broken down into the digestive system. • Insoluble fiber:does not dissolve in water and helps food to move through the large intestine at a normal rate. It promotes regular bowel movement and help prevent constipation. Also it absorbs water much like a sponge does. It contributes bulk. They are found in products like vegetable skins and whole wheat or wheat bran products. • Soluble fiber dissolves in water and helps to increases the thickness of the stomach context. They are in fruits , vegetables, dry beans , peas,and oat products. • Simple Carbohydrates are “natural” sugars and include:fructose found in fruits, maltose found in grain products, and lactose found in dairy products.

4. PROTEINS • Complete Proteins: all 9 amino acids are supplied by the body. These are called essential amino acids because they must come from food the food you eat. The products they include are meat, eggs,fish and dairy products. • Incomplete Proteins lack one or more essential amino acids. Except for soybeans, all foods from plant sources provide incomplete proteins. It is possible to obtain them all by eating variety of foods and enough calories throughout the day.

5. FATS • Cholesterol:is not a fat. Rather, it is a fat like substance present in all body cell that is needed for many essential body processes. Contributes to the digestion of fat and the skin’s production of vitamin D. • LDL:stands for “low density lipoprotein”, is a chemical that takes cholesterol form the liver where it is needed. It is also the “bad” cholesterol. • HDL: stands for “high density lipoprotein” and is a chemical that picks up excess cholesterol and takes it back to the liver, keeping it from causing harm. It is also the “good” cholesterol. • Saturated fatty acids: are fats that appear to raise the level of LDL(“Bad”) cholesterol in the bloodstream feeds relatively high in saturated fatty acids. Include meat, poultry skin, whole milk,dairy products , and the tropical oils- coconut oil and palm oil. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids: are fatty acids that appear to raise LDL cholesterol in the blood stream. Are fats that seem to help lower cholesterol levels. Also help raise levels of HDL • Monounsaturated fatty acids: re fats that are made up of different combination of fatty acid, and they have a different affect on cholesterol levels. They can be found in foods such as butter, chicken fat or corn oil. Are fats that appear to lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels and may help rains levels of HDL.

6. MICRO-NUTRIENTSVitamins, Minerals & Water • Vitamins:Help keep your body’s tissues healthy and its many systems working properly. They also help carbohydrates, fats and protein do their work. Antioxidants are substances that protect body cell and the immune system from harmful chemicals in the air, certain foods, and tobacco smoke. • Water Soluble Vitamins: are vitamins that dissolve in water and thus pass easily into the bloodstream in the process of digestion. • Fat Soluble Vitamins: are vitamins that are absorbed and transported by fat.They include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

7. MINERALS Minerals are vital for good health, and become part of your body, such as teeth and bones. • Major Minerals: are minerals needed in relatively large amounts. • Electrolytes:are minerals that work together to maintain the body fluid balance. • Trace Minerals: are minerals needed in very small amounts, and are very important, like the others. • Phytochemicals: Disease-fighting nutrients in plant foods. Some are antioxidants.

8. WATER • Water is a nutrient because it is essential to life. This makes up most of your body weight. • About 50 to 60 percent of your body is water. Your blood is 80 percent water. • As perspiration evaporates into the air, it cools your body • Water helps your body get rid of waste products.

9. SUMMARY • The six major types of nutrients work as a team. • Lack of or excess of certain nutrient can result in poor health. The energy supplied by nutrients is measured in calories. • Carbohydrates include complex and simple carbohydrates. • Both soluble and insoluble fiber are important for good health. • Complete protein can be obtained by eating animal foods or a wide variety of plant foods. • The fats perform several important jobs. • Eating too much fat is linked with several health problems. • The three types of fatty acids saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated appear to have different effects on blood cholesterol levels • Experts recommend that people limit their intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. • Each vitamin and minerals has specific function and food sources. • Some minerals are needed in large amount and others in small amount • Phytochemicals may prevent disease • Every day you must replace the water lost by the body.

10. How Your Body Uses Food & Maintaining Proper Nutrition! • Digestion is the process of breaking down food into usable nutrients. • After digestion, nutrients are absorbed and put to use. • Some nutrients can be stored if not needed right away. • The bloodstream carries nutrients to all the cells in the body. • Glucose and oxygen combine to produce energy for physical activities and basal metabolism.