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Water Resources

Water Resources. 1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs 2. Floods and Flood Control 3. Use of Water 4. Water Composition 5. Water Problems. Hydrologic Cycle. Plop Plop plop. Distribution of Water (from your text book-based on 1972 data).

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Water Resources

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  1. Water Resources • 1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs • 2. Floods and Flood Control • 3. Use of Water • 4. Water Composition • 5. Water Problems

  2. Hydrologic Cycle • Plop • Plop plop

  3. Distribution of Water(from your text book-based on 1972 data)

  4. Distribution of Waterhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html (1997 data)

  5. Bibliographical Acknowledgment referenced publication for content development Peixoto and Kettani, 1973 The Control of the Water CycleScientific American - Vol. 228 - pp. 46-6

  6. Heat Capacity of Water • This means that water has the ability to absorb and hold heat with a minimal change in temperature • Why? • When water evaporates it takes 540 cal/gm. This means that evaporation creates a cooling effect. • Ice going to water releases 80 cal/gm, thus releasing heat

  7. Precipitation/Evaporation patterns • http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES/

  8. World water resources http://www.worldmapper.org/

  9. Evaporation (mean annual U.S.) http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/natural/et/

  10. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html Evapotranspiration

  11. Mean Annual Evapotranspiration

  12. When ppt >>> e/t • Then we get rivers and streams • Eastern NA—water surplus • Western US—water deficiency • Plays a role in population density in U.S. and Canada

  13. Freshwater Reservoirs • Rivers and Streams • Lakes • Icecaps • Groundwater

  14. Groundwater • Much greater in volume than either lakes or streams • Non-renewable in our lifetime

  15. Water Table • Surface below which pores and fractures of rocks and overburden are water filled

  16. What is an aquifer? • Geologic formation that possesses porosity and permeability

  17. Water Resources • 1. Hydrologic Cycle and Water Reservoirs • 2. Floods and Flood Control • 3. Use of Water • 4. Water Composition • 5. Water Problems

  18. Surface Water/Floods/Flood Control • Surface water is water that flows off the land in streams and rivers • What is it dependent upon??

  19. Amount of rainfall • Slope and Length of drainage basin • Rock and soil type of drainage basin • Vegetation • Extent of impermeable areas

  20. Stream Discharge Hydrograph

  21. When does flooding occur? • When surface run-of exceeds a normal stream channel’s capacity and water spreads out onto the flood plain • Is this a problem?

  22. What do we do to minimize flooding? • 1. build dams • 2. build levees • 3. create channels (channelization) • 4. Moveable dams—Thames

  23. Dams: pro • 1. Do help with flood control • 2. Supply electricity • 3. Provide recreation • 4. Sources of water for irrigation • 5. Increases groundwater • Does anyone see some inconsistency here?

  24. Dams: con • 1. Sediment catchment • 2. Increased evaporation • 3. Loss of land • 4. Interruption of river transport and fish migration • 5. Environmental alteration

  25. Some Dams • Aswan High Dam

  26. Glen Canyon Dam

  27. Hoover Dam

  28. Three Gorges Dam

  29. Levees

  30. Channelization • Replacement of a meandering stream by a deeper, straighter channel

  31. Drawbacks • Transfer of flooding • Flood plain doesn’t get new sediment

  32. Kissimmee river in Florida

  33. Drawbacks of Channelization • Increased erosion • Transfer of flooding downstream • Reduced natural filtering of water and drainage basin • Loss of wetlands • Reduction in available water for general use • Less evapotranspiration • Less infiltration • Lower ground water levels • Larger variations in flow rates • Reduction in wildlife

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