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Who are they?

Who are they?. http://encarta.msn.com/medias_761569374/Cold_War.html. Unit 4 Cold War. Day 1 – 9 th June 2008. Let’s see how much you remember? What is Cold War? Causes of conflict? Post-war breakdown of alliance between USA & USSR Division of Europe. Day 2 – 10 th June 2008. China

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Who are they?

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  1. Who are they?

  2. http://encarta.msn.com/medias_761569374/Cold_War.html

  3. Unit 4Cold War

  4. Day 1 – 9th June 2008 • Let’s see how much you remember? • What is Cold War? • Causes of conflict? • Post-war breakdown of alliance between USA & USSR • Division of Europe

  5. Day 2 – 10th June 2008 • China • Korean War

  6. Day 3 – 11th June • Cuban Missile Crisis

  7. What was the Cold War? • A tense situation • caused by mutual suspicion and lack of trust • and different ideologies • that did not erupt in a full-scale war • but fought non-militarily • with propaganda and economic sanctions.

  8. U mean there were no hot wars? • Not world wars but localised • Eg? • Korean War • Berlin crisis • Cuban Missile Crisis

  9. 4.1.1. IMPACT OF THE BREAKDOWN OF WARTIME ALLIANCE BETWEEN USA & USSR AND THE DIVISION OF EUROPE • Confrontation between USA and USSR = clash of opposing ideologies • Democracy in USA vs Communism in USSR

  10. Why did the competing ideas of the superpowers lead to the Cold War? • Ideology – different  countries in post-World War forced to choose • = Symbol of power for USA & USSR • Couldn’t settle their differences by war because both had the… •  atomic

  11. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • Beliefs: • Russia was a Communist country, ruled by a dictator who cared little about human rights. • America was a capitalist democracy, which valued freedom.

  12. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • Aims: • Stalin wanted • reparations from Germany • a buffer of friendly states. • Britain and the USA [led by President Truman] wanted • to help Germany recover • to prevent large areas of Europe from coming under Communist control.

  13. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • Resentment about history: • West did not trust the Communists • Oct1917 Bolshevik Revolution – called for world revolution. • USA afraid worldwide Communist revolution would mean the end of Capitalism and Democracy. • The USSR did not trust Britain and the USA • tried to destroy the Russian Revolution in 1918 by sending funds and troops to prevent spread of Communism • Aid to anti-Bolshevik White Armies/ Stalin thought they had not helped the USSR enough in WW2.

  14. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • 1938 – Munich agreement • USSR was not invited, despite the fact that Hitler had frequently threatened the USSR, and Germany’s takeover would give Germany and the USSR a shared border. • Britain & USA did not trust USSR • Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939.

  15. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • Events turned the mistrust into war: Yalta/ Potsdam/ Salami tactics/ Fulton/ Greece/ Truman Doctrine/ Marshall Plan/ Cominform/ Czechoslovakia

  16. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR [BARE] • YALTA CONFERENCE (February 1945) • Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to Divide Germany into 4 zones (France, Britain, USA, USSR)/ to hold free elections in Eastern European countries./ to set up the United Nations./ to set up a government of Communists and non Communists in Poland. • On the surface, everything seemed friendly, but there was tension behind the scenes

  17. POTSDAM CONFERENCE (July 1945) • At Potsdam the tensions surfaced. • Stalin, Truman and Atlee agreed to bring Nazi war criminals to trial/ divide Germany into 4 occupied zones.

  18. There were disagreements over Soviet policy in Poland./ The size of German reparations. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FfeF_KZENI

  19. SALAMI TACTICS (1945–48) • ‘Slice-by-slice’, Stalin ensured all Eastern European countries had Communist govts

  20. Albania (1945) – the Communists took power after the war without opposition • Bulgaria (1945) – the Communists executed the leaders of all the other parties. • Poland (1947) – the Communists forced the non-Communist leaders into exile. • Hungary (1947) – Russian troops stayed / Stalin allowed elections (non-communists won a big majority)/ Communists led by the pro-Russian Rakosi./ Rakosi demanded that groups which opposed him should be banned./ He got control of the police, and arrested his opponents./ He set up a secret police unit, the AVH. • Romania (1945–1947) – the Communists gradually took over control. • Czechoslovakia (1948) – the Communists banned all other parties/ killed their leaders. • East Germany (1949) – Russians turned their zone into German Democratic Republic.

  21. EVENTS 1946–1948 • FULTON SPEECH (March 1946) • Churchill described the Soviet bloc as an ‘iron curtain’ –Stalin believed this was necessary to maintain the safety of the USSR.

  22. This cartoon from 1946 by the British cartoonist Leslie Gilbert shows Churchill peeping under the Iron Curtain. ‘Joe’ is Joseph Stalin. In fact, the ‘iron curtain’ was a 2,000-km. line of barbed wire, look-out posts and road blocks.

  23. Think about it Source C Mr Churchill has called for a war on the USSR. Stalin, writing in the Russian newspaper Pravda in March 1946. • 1.  Did Churchill cause the Cold War? • 2.  Explain how Churchill’s speech was a turning point in the history of the Cold War. • 1. No, it was a public acknowledgement of its presence. He merely made it very open. • 2. After Fulton, the Cold War worsened. Russia called the speech a declaration of war.

  24. Need a break?

  25. Lame riddle for those waiting… • A man pushed his car. He stopped when he reached a hotel at which point he knew he was bankrupt. Why? • He was playing monopoly…I did mention it was lame…

  26. EVENTS 1946–1948 • TRUMAN DOCTRINE (March 1947) – The USA implemented a policy of ‘containment’ towards the USSR – to prevent Communism spreading any further.

  27. EVENTS 1946–1948 • He believed in the Domino Theory.

  28. 4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT: • MARSHALL PLAN (ERP – EUROPEAN RECOVERY PLAN) (June 1947) • America introduced ‘Marshall Aid’. • countries of Europe would be more likely to fall to Communism if the people were poor and fed up so they gave these countries huge loans to help them rebuild after the war. • Known as the Marshall Plan or European Recovery Plan (ERP).

  29. 4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT • 16 countries in Western Europe agreed to Marshall Plan • US$13 billion in aid, loans and goods. • Stalin did not allow Soviet satellites to accept American financial aid.

  30. 4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT • Impact: • Western Europe recovered from WW2 effects faster than Eastern Europe. • Divided Europe’s economies into two different spheres • Heightened Cold War tensions. • USA’s view - huge success – created industrialized and prosperous Western Europe

  31. 4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT • USSR’s view – dollar imperialism – attempt to spread Democracy and Capitalism through money • Soviet Union set up the COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Cooperation) – to encourage trade and coordinate the economic policies among the Communist countries. • Meant to counterbalance the Marshall Plan but did not lend much money at first. • USSR rationalized the industries in its satellites – eg Poland did all of shipbuilding, Hungary produced most of the trucks.

  32. 4.1.2. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT • COMINFORM (October 1947) • Stalin forbade Communist countries to accept Marshall Aid. (October 1947) • Cominform was set up to control all Communist countries in Europe.

  33. EVENTS 1946–1948 • THE BERLIN BLOCKADE • Causes [CABAN] • Cold War was beginning to bite – created tension. • Aims – USA+UK wanted Germany to recover/ Stalin looting German industrial capacity. • Bizonia – USA, UK, France merged zones – became more prosperous than the Soviet. • American Aid – Marshall Aid was voted 31 March 1948. • New Currency –Britain and America introduced new currency – destabilised the East German economy. Stalin said that this was the cause of the blockade.

  34. THE BERLIN BLOCKADE • Events – (24 June 1948) – Stalin closed rail + road links to Berlin • Lasted 11 months/ Allies airlifted supplies to Berlin – 275,000 flights, 1.5m tons • In winter, Berliners lived on dried eggs and potatoes • 4 hours of electricity a day. • US had B29 bombers on standby./ (12 May 1949) • Stalin re-opened the borders. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm

  35. Results [CENA] • Cold War got worse. • East/West Germany: German Democratic Republic/ Federal Republic of Germany. • NATO and Warsaw Pact – NATO treaty signed (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)(1949) defensive alliance set up against USSR/ Warsaw Pact 1955 set up by Russia • Formation was military/aggressive in nature • Formed to defend USA and its allies from an attack by Communist states. • Started the formation of military alliances against each other.

  36. Results [CENA] • Arms Race. The USA and USSR competed for world domination. Both producing atomic bombs by 1949. Began race to produce nuclear weapons. Race to build up armed forces.

  37. As Berliners reeled with disbelief at the Wall's construction, US President John F Kennedy has been quoted as saying to one of his aides:‘It’s not a nice solution, but a wall is a lot better than a war.’ • http://encarta.msn.com/media_461550605/Major_Events_of_the_Cold_War.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010815_berlinwall.shtml

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