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Ecology

Ms. Hamilton. Ecology. 5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems • Techniques of field ecology • Abiotic and biotic factors • Carrying capacity . Goal 5.

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Ecology

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  1. Ms. Hamilton Ecology

  2. 5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems • • Techniques of field ecology • • Abiotic and biotic factors • • Carrying capacity Goal 5

  3. Students should be able to identify and describe symbiotic relationships • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • Students should be able to identify and predict patterns in Predator /prey relationships. • Use field ecology techniques such as sampling and quadrant studies to determine species diversity and changes over time. • Explain how abiotic and biotic factors are related to one another and their importance in ecosystems. • Analyze how limiting factors influence carrying capacity (e.g. food availability, competition, harsh winter). • Interpret population growth graphs. Content Description

  4. Chapter 53 Online Text

  5. Terms to know • The biosphere is the global ecosystem. • Key Terms • Ecology • Biotic factor • Abiotic factor • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere • Habitat

  6. What is Ecology?

  7. What is Ecology? • Ecology is the study of interrelationships of organisms and their environments.

  8. Ecosystemsare composed of all the communities and their associated physical environments, including the physical, chemical, and biological processes. • Ecosystems may sustain themselves entirely through photosynthetic activity, energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling. Ecosystems

  9. What does that mean?

  10. Ecosystems are composed of • Abiotic components: non-living chemical and physical factors • Temperature, light, nutrients, water • Biotic components: all living organisms • Interactions among organisms

  11. Abiotic Factors

  12. Temperature • Most organisms are only able to live within a certain temperature range • Water • Sunlight • Adequate light quantity AND quality is critical Abiotic Factors

  13. Wind • Magnifies effect of temperature • Contributes to water loss • Influences plant morphology • Rocks and Soil • Physical structure, pH, mineral composition all important soil features Abiotic Factors

  14. What is plant morphology? • Is the study of the structure of plants (physical form)

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-XpUacV-TE Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

  16. Biotic Factors

  17. Week 4 words

  18. Individual organisms • Smallest unit of ecological study • Ecologists ask questions about the adaptations that enable individuals to meet the challenge of their environment

  19. The interactions between organisms and their environments determine the distributions and abundance of organisms. Think about it! People gather in big cities versus small towns. MAIN POINT

  20. Plants, algae, and many species of bacteria Photoautotrophs(use light energy), chemoautotrophs(use chemical energy) Limnetic zone of lakes: algae & bacteria Littoral zone of fresh and marine ecosystems: multicellular algae & aquatic plants Terrestrial ecosystems: plants Primary Producers

  21. Are opportunistic feeders • They consume autotrophs, but also heterotrophs • Primary consumers feed on producers. • Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers, and / or producers. • Detritivores are consumers that break down organisms into smaller pieces which are then available to decomposers Primary and Higher Order Consumers

  22. Population • Group of the individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area. • Ecologists often ask questions about factors that affect the size and growth of a population

  23. Communities • All of the organisms inhabiting a particular area • Ecologists investigate interactions among all of the organisms in a community

  24. Ecosystems • Includes the biotic and abiotic factors in an area • Questions at the ecosystem level may relate to the flow of energy and chemicals

  25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iowgc3ScemY&feature=PlayList&p=DDE86B2FEF7AD3F3&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=24http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iowgc3ScemY&feature=PlayList&p=DDE86B2FEF7AD3F3&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=24 Bill NYE VIDEO

  26. A population is a local group of organisms of ONE species. • Key Terms • Population density Populations

  27. What is a Population? • Alligators living in a swamp make up a population—members of the same species living in a specific geographic area. • Other populations in the swamp include diverse species of trees, egrets and other birds, and the various species of fishes, algae, and microorganisms in the swamp water.

  28. Defining Populations • Several factors influence a population's size and how much it changes over time. They include the availability of food and space, weather conditions, and breeding patterns. • In studying how these factors affect a population, ecologists need to define the population's geographic boundaries. • Natural • Artificial

  29. Population Density • Population density is the number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume. • The number of alligators per square kilometer of swamp, the number of bacteria per square centimeter of an agar plate, and the number of earthworms per cubic meter of soil are all examples of population density measurements. Population density   =  Individuals  =  1000 trees  =  20 trees Unit area  50 km2  1 km2

  30. Sampling Techniques • It usually isn't practical to count every member of a population. There may be too many individuals, or they may move around too quickly to be counted accurately, as with many species of insects, birds, and fish. • In such cases, ecologists use a variety of sampling techniques to estimate the size of the population. • Quadrats • Indirect Counting • Mark-Recapture • Limits to Accuracy

  31. Sampling Techniques • Quadrats • One method is to mark off a particular area, then count the number of a particular species within this boundary • After repeating this procedure in several locations within the ecosystem, ecologists average their results to estimate the population density of this species in the ecosystem

  32. Sampling Techniques • Indirect Counts • A sampling technique for organisms that move around a lot or are difficult to see is indirect counting • This method involves counting nests, burrows, or tracks rather than the organisms themselves

  33. Sampling Techniques • Mark-Recapture • The biologist traps animals in the study area and marks them, such as with a drop of colored dye. • The researcher then releases the marked individuals. • After a period of time, the researcher again captures animals from the population and counts the marked and unmarked individuals in the second sample. Total population  =   # in 1st capture * # in 2nd capture # of marked animals recaptured

  34. Mark-Recapture

  35. http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets.html MARK AND RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE

  36. Field ecology • Is the use of techniques such as sampling and quadrate studies to determine species diversity and to monitor changes in an ecosystem over time.

  37. Relationships • Relationships between species can be classified as symbiosis or predation. • What is predation?

  38. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126945.400-squid-symbiosis-may-shed-light-on-disease.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126945.400-squid-symbiosis-may-shed-light-on-disease.html Article link

  39. SYMBIOSIS • Is a permanent relationship between two different types of organisms. • Three different types: • Mutualism, • Commensalism • Parasitism

  40. Mutualism • BOTH organisms benefit from one another. • Sea anemones and clownfish. • Fish is protected by the sea anemone, the sea anemone receives scraps of food from the fish.

  41. Mutualism • Flowers and their pollinators are a common and ubiquitous form of mutualism. • The use of a pollinator, however, can be much more exact if the plant species can attract a pollinator, attach its pollen to it, and then get the pollinator to go to another individual of the same plant species.

  42. mutualism • Dairy ants and aphids have a mutualistic relationship. The ants protect the aphids from possible predators. In return, the aphids provide the ants with honeydew.

  43. COMMENSALISM • ONE organism benefits from the other. • The other organism is neither helped nor harmed by the relationship.

  44. SO WHAT ARE SOME BENEFITS OF COMMENALISM?

  45. May be shelter, transportation, defense, or food. See your classmates notes for other examples. BENEFITS OF COMMENALISM

  46. Parasitism • ONE organism BENEFITS, and the other is Harmed. • Parasite-the organism that benefits • Host • Ex. Tapeworms and liver flukes

  47. There are environmental factors that limit the size of a population. These include but are not limited to: • Food • Water • Oxygen • Sunlight • Relationships with other organisms • Ability to remove wastes Limiting factors

  48. Factors that limit the growth of a population when that population is of a particular size. This factor comes into play the population density reaches a certain level. These factors include competition and predation. Density-dependent factors

  49. Factors that limit the growth of a population, regardless of its size. These include climatic events such as extreme cold or heat, tidal waves, volcanoes, flooding or drought. Density independent factors

  50. Carrying capacity • Is the largest population that a given environment can support over a long period of time.

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