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Basic Data Analysis

This chapter provides an in-depth overview of descriptive analysis techniques, including tabulation, frequency tables, and central tendency measures. It covers the essentials of cross-tabulation and contingency tables, detailing marginals and percentage calculations. Furthermore, it explains data transformation, elaboration analysis, and spurious relationships. The chapter also delves into hypothesis testing, including the formulation of null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and the chi-square test, guiding readers through the hypothesis-testing procedure and practical examples for effective data analysis.

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Basic Data Analysis

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  1. Basic Data Analysis Chapter 14

  2. Overview • Descriptive Analysis

  3. Tabulation • Tabulation • Frequency table • Percentages • Central tendency

  4. Cross-Tabulation • Contingency Table • Marginals • Percentage Cross-Tabulation • Base • Elaboration and Refinement • Elaboration analysis • Moderator variable • Spurious relationship

  5. Data Transformation • Calculating Rank Order

  6. Displaying & Analyzing Data • Tabular & Graphic Methods of Data Display • Table • Charts and graphs • Pie chart • Line graph • Bar charts • Analysis Software

  7. Hypothesis Testing • Hypothesis • Null hypothesis • Alternative hypothesis

  8. Hypothesis Testing • Hypothesis-Testing Procedure • Develop hypothesis • Take sample and calculate sample statistics • Check for difference between obtained and expected value • Significance level • p>α • p< α • Critical values

  9. Example Problems • Page 362

  10. Chi-square Test • Formulate null hypothesis and determine expected frequency of each answer • Determine the significance level • Calculate Χ2 value • Compare calculated X2 with critical X2

  11. Chi-Square Testing • X=Σ(Oi-Ei)2/Ei • Degrees of Freedom • Page 365

  12. Choosing the Appropriate Technique • Number of Variables • Univariate v. Bivariate • Scale of Measurement • Type of Questions

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