STUDY GROUP: JANUARY

1. STUDY GROUP: JANUARY BY: LARA TIGLAO DESIREE DIAZ ALEXIA ALVARADO NATALIE KIDO

2. Chapter 1: New World Beginnings ·         The shaping of north America started with the theory of “Pangaea" and that the continents were sought to spilt up into islands, thus creating continents.·         As the great ice age ended so did the land bridge which helped populate the Americas·         The earliest Americans included pueblo Indians, mound builders, and eastern Indians establishing many agricultural discoveries.·         Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes in the New York state, they had many different views from the Europeans and different concepts.·         Though they were never credited The Indirect Discoverers of the New World were the  1st Europeans to come to America which were the Norse (Vikings from Norway)·         After the Europeans entered Africa slave trade and other trade of  goods trade flourished.·         Columbus Comes upon a New World and spawns new economic systems.·         Throughout the duration of discovering the new world many life forms were traded such as traded life such as plants, foods, animals, germs.·         The Spanish Conquistadores, conquistadores meaning “conquerors” were sent later to the new world.·         The conquest f Mexico was upheld by the Spanish who conquered in search for gold.·         Spanish society quickly spread and was threatened by other nations so the Spanish set up forts to protect themselves.

3. Chapter 2: The Planting of English America ·         North America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America.  In the the 15000s Britain failed to colonize the rest of the land·         When Queen Elizabeth came into power she sent Britain into war with Spain , with a great defeat.·         In the 1500s England's population enlarged astonishingly and there was less living space as a result.·         Indians that were presented the new world by Euros were introduced to many advancements in economic and social advances.

4. Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies . The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism and these actions were because of god.·         The Pilgrims or Separatists, came from Holland, where they had fled to after they had left England.·         Soon after the establishment of the colony, the franchise (right to vote) was extended to all “freemen,” adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations (later called the Congregational Church), making people who could enjoy the franchise about two fifths of the male population·         New England Spreads Out and states emerged.·         Before the Puritans had arrived in 1620, an epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing over three quarters of them , the Indians then sought war·         In 1643, four colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation.·         In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts·         In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against Spain, and with the help of Britain, gained their independence  and were considered, the Old Netherlanders at New Netherland.

5. Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century · During the Unhealthy Chesapeake living conditions were harsh·         The Chesapeake was very good for tobacco cultivation. Chesapeake Bay exported 1.5 million pounds of tobacco yearly in the 1630s, and by 1700, that number had risen to 40 million pounds a year.·         In the 300 years following Columbus’ discovery of America, only about 400,000 of a total of 10 million African slaves were brought over to the United States·         Life in the New England towns was organized and considered a very nice way to live·         In the early 1690s, a group of Salem girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women.·         The climate of New England encouraged diversified agriculture and industry.

6. Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution • In  1775 Great Britain possessed ownership of 32 colonies in North America most of the population resided in east of the  Alleghenies. 90% lived in rural areas and were farmers. • Colonial America even though it was mostly English, contained many other europeans groups, like French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. • Africa was a land known for success generating slaves that generated production • Priests were not valued as higher class but viewed as high authority • Working day America consisted of agricultural , fishing, and trading careers, including the “triangular trade” • Roads during the 1700’s were harsh to ride on and almost unbearable, so bad it took Benjamin Franklin 9 days to get from Boston to Philadelphia. • Even though most people belonged to an Anglican or Congregational churches, many of them didn't even warship in churches. • The Great awakening was brought upon by a stage set for survival, it was also the first religious experience shared by all Americans as a group. • Education was greatly valued in new England but teaching curriculum was not set correctly. • ·         Architectural structures were borrowed from the old country and modified to fit the new one. • Many People were to poor to buy books so they made their own. • By 1775, eight of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king, though the right to vote was not rewarded to everyone just white males.

7. Chapter 6: The Duel for North America • The French was a late to populate the colonies and when King Louis XIV came into rule he took interest in the new world even though only the wealthy migrated. • The French valued the beaver , so they recruited Indians to help them hunt the beaver . • At the end of King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England, pinching the French settlements by the St. Lawrence • Restless colonists begin to become angered when not rewarded higher ranks than captain.

8. Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution • The American revolution started the day the colonists came to America thus already seeking independence • Georgia was the only state ruled by Britain which upheld a structure called mercantilism which handcuffed American trade. • Navigation laws were enforced due to the mercantilism so smuggling started. • After the 7 years wars Americans were forced to pay a 3rd of the cost • In 1765a stamp act was established by representatives from the colonies • tea brewing in Boston started in 1773 • In 1774, by huge majorities, Parliament passed a series of “Repressive Acts” to punish the colonies, namely Massachusetts. These were called the Intolerable Acts by Americans. • In Philadelphia, from September 5th to October 26th, 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss problems • Many people just didn’t care about the revolution, and therefore, raising a large number of troops was difficult, if not impossible

9. Chapter 8 : America Secedes from the Empire -George Washington is selected by congress to lead the army assailing Boston. -June 1775. Bunker Hill is captured by colonists. British return with huge amount of soldiers. -Congress adopts the “Olive Branch Petition” King George rejects petition and Americans are now forced to fight and become independent or submit under British Power.-August 1775. King George III declares colonies are going to rebel. - 1776. Thomas Paine creates the pamphlet “Common Sense” stating Americans should be given independence. -July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence is approved by Congress. -Separation of Loyalists, (Tories) and Patriots, (Whigs). -Because Loyalists stayed loyal to the mother country; they were imprisoned, hanged, and mistreated. Soon Loyalists were eliminated by the Patriots. - March 1776. Boston is evacuated. -1776. British overpower Washington at the Battle of Long Island. -October 17, 1777. General Burgoyne surrenders to Horatio Gates. -1778. French make an open alliance with Americans. -1779 Spain and Holland become allies against Britain. -1784. Treaty between the US and Indian Nation, (Iroquois) is signed. The Treaty of Fort Stanwix. -The Treaty of Paris of 1783 is formally recognized. Stating, Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted, to respect the independence of the US, granting boundaries to the west of Mississippi, the Great Lakes, and to the South of Spanish Florida, and etc.

10. Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution • -Society of the Cincinnati is formed by the Continental Army. -1786. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom is created by Thomas Jefferson. Stated religion should not be brought upon those and each person had the decision of deciding their own faith. -1775. Quakers of Philadelphia founded the first anti-slavery society. -1774. Congress calls for abolition of the slave trade. Many northern states abolished slavery altogether but no southern states of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. -Capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Viginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward in the Revolutionary Era. -1777. Articles of Confederation were adopted by congress. But it wasn’t until 1781 that it was ratified by all colonies. -Land Ordinance of 1785 is established. -Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is established. -1786. Shay’s Rebellion. In Massachusetts, farmers who were losing their farms attempted to demand of cheap paper money. -May 25th, 1787. George Washington is elected as leader at the Constitutional Convention. -Proposed my Virginia, the “Large State Plan” stated that arrangement in congress ahould be based upon state’s population. -Proposed by New Jersey the “Small State Plan” was focused equality in Congress, not regarding to a state population. -“Great Compromise” was agreed on and each state was to have equal representation in the senate, which would be 2 senators per state. -The new Constitution was to end slave trade by 1807. -Constitution is first signed by Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island do not sign it.

11. Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State • - 1789. George Washington is elected president. -1791. Bill of Rights is passed by Congress. -1791. Bank of the United States is proposed by Alexander Hamilton. It was to print paper money and provide a stable national cash flow. 1st bank of the United States is created. -1790’s. Two-Party System is created by Jefferson and Madison. - Two political groups were established Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and Hamilton Federalists. - Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation of 1793. Purpose is to state country’s neutrality from Britain-France war. -1797. John Adams becomes 2nd President of the United States-3 go-betweens; X, Y, Z (Mme de Villette, Jean Conrad Hottinguer, and Lucien Hauteral) are created. XYZ affair isn’t liked, so United States Marine Corps are reestablished; preparing for war.

12. Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic -Thomas Jefferson becomes 3rd President of the United States. Judiciary Act of 1801. Republican-Democratic Congress repeals and 16 judges are kicked out. -1800. King of Spain is convinced by Napoleon Bonaparte to give Louisiana land area to France.- Napoleon’s dream of a New World Empire was abandoned after selling Louisiana. -April 30th, 1803. United States negotiated Louisiana for $15 million. Three treaties were signed becoming to be what is known as the Louisiana Purchase. -March 4th, 1809. James Madison becomes President of the United States. American trades is reopened. Madison n reenact the United State’s trade embargo against Britain. Leading to the war of 1812. -June 1, 1812. War is declared on Britain.

13. Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism -December 24th, 1814. Territory was restored in Ghent, Belgium by signing the Treaty of Ghent.-War of 1812 heightens nationalism and army and navy were expanded. -Tallmadge Amendment is passed by Missouri Amendment calls to not let slaves to enter Missouri and for emancipation of slave children. Amendment is soon defeated by slave states. -1820. Free states and slaves states are admitted. There are 12 slave states and 12 free states. - 1820. James Monroe is elected as president of The United States again. -1823 Monroe Doctrine. Document states the era of colonization in America was over.

14. Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy -Andrew Jackson wins election of 1828. -1828. General tariff was being increased by Congress. The Tariff of 1828 was hated by Southerners because they felt it discriminated against them. John C. Calhoun publishes pamphlet that states Tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. -1832. Bank War; wealthy class was soon becoming a minority. -Because panic of 1837 and foreign loans, the Independent Treasury Bill was passed in 1840. -Mexico gains its independence from Spain.

15. Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy -1840’s. Many Irish were coming to America. Famine had invaded the crops of the Irish. -1830’s-60’s. Germans start coming to America. -1850. Interchangeable parts became basis for mass production. -Many children are becoming workers in factories. With such jobs as; spinning yarn, washing cloth, making candles, soap, butter, and cheese. Women could not form unions. -Industrial Revolution.

16. Ch 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture • People relied on Deism and Unitarian. • In religion, liberalism started in 1800 which began the 2nd Great Awakening. • Reformers disapproved tobacco, alcohol, profanity, and many other vices, and came out for women’s rights. • Women were very important in motivating those reform movements. • Women did have the right to vote and stayed at home. • Gender differences were very serious in the economy. • women= weak men= strong • Some early Americans weren't really interested in pure science but practical science. • Literature was imported or plagiarized from England.

17. Ch 16: The South and the slave controversy • Slavery’s business was very low before the Cotton Gin was made. • After the gin was invented, growing cotton became a big profit and made it easier on the workers. • The North was responsible for the slave trade also. • The South provided more than half the word’s supply of cotton which was a big advantage because England need cotton to make cloths. • Southern aristocrats widened the gap between rich and poor and hampered public- funded education by sending their children to private school. • Cotton production was affecting lands. • Southerners depended on the Northerners. • Slave less White defended the slavery system because they all hoped to own a slave so they can feel that they outrank Blacks. • It was hard for African Americans to find a job because most didn’t accept them. • Slaves had no political or civil rights and got whipped at if orders weren’t done correctly so they had to work hard their entire life. • Some Whites became frightened by African Americans when they revolted.

18. Ch 17: Manifest Destiny and its Legacy • Whig Congress passed a law ending the Independent treasury system. • 1840s: Territorial expansion dominated American diplomacy and politics. • 1840s/ 1850s: Citizens believed that Almighty God had “manifestly” destined the American people for a hemispheric career. • Hudson Bay company traded profitably w/ Indians of Pacific NW for furs. • Victory over Mexico added new domains to the U.S. • 1834: Britain abolished slavery in its empires. • The Californios added a Spanish race to the U.S. and helped spread their traditions and architecture in California.

19. Ch 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle • The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican- American war, but it started a while new debate about the extension of slavery. • Gold was found in California and avoided becoming a slave state. • Underground Railroad took a lot more slaves from the South. • Harriet Tubman freed more than 300 slaves during 19 trips to the South. • John Calhoun wanted the states’ rights for slavery to be left alone. • The South hated the compromise of 1850 because the North got the better deal. • North: District of Columbia couldn’t have slave trade. • Texas lost its disputed territory to New Mexico. • South: Popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession lands. • Texas was paid $10 million for the land they lost to New Mexico. • A tougher Fugitive Slave Law.

20. Ch 19: Drifting Toward Disunion • Uncle Tom’s Cabin created tensions that helped start the Civil War. The novel was not only popular to the North but to Britain and France. It created a large impact on people which made them turn against the ideas of slavery. • The civil war started off in Kansas in 1856 and evolved into a larger scale Civil War of 1861-1865. • Northerners and Southerners were concerned to rescue both the Union and their money-making business associates. • Dred Scott was a slave that lived with his owner for 5 years in West Wisconsin and Illinois territory. He sued the supreme court for his freedom because of his residence on free land. The supreme court ruled that Dred Scott was a slave and not a citizen so he can not sue in federal courts. The republicans were mad at what the court had said because it was an opinion and not a fact. • Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates. Douglas gladly accepted and meetings were exchanged from Aug –Oct 1858.

21. Ch 20: Girding for War: The North and the South • Lincoln embraced his presidential position as the president of America on March 4th 1861 . • Lincoln’s main priority was to reestablish the confederate states as part of the union again. • Following the many attempts to negotiate a mutual agreement between both of the nation, none seceded to follow through. • The North had the upper hand going into the war, for the south lacked industrial factories and supplies. • The Civil War draft was passed for the first time in the US . In the north wealthy males hired substations for their placement in the war, or they would pay $300 for exception outright. • Riot in New York city in 1863 in result of the draft. • In the south if a slave owner had 20 slaves they could claim exemption.

22. Ch 21: The Furnace of Civil War • Lincoln thought an attach on a smaller confederate force at Bull Run would worth the risk. If they won that battle it would show that the union has the most superior power. They were defeated but benefited from their loss. • The Emancipation proclamation succeeded in lessening the labor of the South. • Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox. Grant ordered a frontal assault on the cold harbor. • Lincoln was assassinated • The civil war was a test of American democracy and whether a nation is devoted to its values. Although the South lost, it was for a good cause- slavery ended in the south and African Americans were able to gain their freedom and pursuit of happiness.

23. Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction • Lincoln’s 10% Reconstruction plan said that the state can be reintegrated into the union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath to the allegiance of the U.S. and pledged to tolerate the emancipation. • The reconstruction didn’t help the North or South, it made them weaker. The South had a tough time trying to be part of the union another time. There were numerous laws that regarded confederate leaders. • After the Thirteenth amendment got approved, women thought it was their moment because they suspended their own demands for the cause of black emancipation.

24. Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age • In 1868, Grant defeats Seymour for the presidency. The duration of his presidency was filled with numerous controversial scandals. • The Panic of 1873 and of 1893 resulted in nation wide chaos. • The Chinese came into California because of the lack of workers in California. • The Chinese were regarded as a menace so congress closed the doors on Chinese immigrants with the passing of the Chinese exclusion act in 1882.

25. Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age • Although America lacked political leaders, America’s Industrial Revolution boomed into gear. • Railroads were being laid after the Civil War ended in 1865. • Cornelius Vanderbilt helped popularize the replacement of the old iron tracks of the New York Central with metal. • The transcontinental lines created a domestic market for raw materials and manufactured goods. • Alexander Graham Bell introduced the telephone, which created a whole new communications network. Thomas Edison improved the electric light bulb in 1879. • Andrew Carnegie came to produce one-fourth of the nations Bessemer steel. • John D. Rockefeller came to control 95 percent of the oil industry. • New industries, meant workers, which lead to the formation of unions. • 1887 Interstate Commerce Act • 1889 Sherman Anti-Trust Act

26. Chapter 25: America Moves to the City • Following the Civil War, America goes from the country to the city. This dramatic change called for people to move to the cities for new industrial jobs. • By 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia all had a population greater than 1 million. • Europe caught on to "American fever“ since the United States was looked upon as a land of great opportunities. • Many immigrants that came to America never planned on staying ; a large number returned home with money.  Those immigrants who stayed in the United States struggled to save their traditional culture. • By 1890, there were over 150 religious denominations in the United States. • Booker T. Washingtonwas an ex-slave and helped a lot with black education. • Andrew Carnegie made a donation to The Library of Congress which was founded in 1897.

27. Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution • In the West, white soldiers were spreading diseases like cholera, typhoid, and smallpox to the Indians • In the 1860s, the federal government sent the Indians into smaller borders, mainly the "Great Sioux reservation" in Dakota Territory, and the Indian Territory in Oklahoma. • By 1885, fewer than 1,000 bison have been left after they were slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. • High prices made farmers stick to growing single cash crops, such as wheat or corn, and use their profits to buy produce. • Farmers were forced to sell their cheap products in an unprotected world market, while buying expensive manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. • The panic of 1893 strengthened the Populists' position that farmers and laborers were being maltreated by an demoralized economic and political system. • The Dingley Tariff Bill was passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to make enough proceeds to cover the annual Treasury deficits.

28. Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion • The area between British Guiana and Venezuela had been in disagreement for over 50 years. Gold was discovered in that area. Secretary of State to President Cleveland Richard Olney claimed that if Britain tried to take over Venezuela to game more territory, then it would be violating the Monroe Doctrine.  Britain rejected the importance of the Monroe doctrine and President Cleveland declared that the United States would fight for it. • The Great Rapprochementbetween the United States and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies. • American planters decided that the only way to overcome the tariff would be to seize Hawaii, since the Queen thought that native Hawaiians should control the islands. • In 1893 whites revolted and the Queen was overthrown. • The production of sugar in Cuba became less profitable when the American’s passed the tariff of 1894. Cubans revolted against their Spanish captors in 1895 when the Spanish began to place Cubans in reconcentration camps and treat them very badly. • The U.S. thought about helping Cuba with there independence but President Cleveland didn’t. • The American people wanted to fight for Cuba’s independence so a war message was sent to Congress on April 11, 1898. The Teller Amendment, said to the world that when the United States had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom. • The Americans secured Guam and Puerto Rico, but the Philippines. Since President McKinley felt bad turning its back on the Philippines, America agreed to pay Spain 20 million dollars for it. • The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own constitution of 1901. The Platt Amendment stated that the United States might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to restore order and to provide mutual protection.