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Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid

Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid. Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Planner Austin Energy Mark.kapner@austinenergy.com. Questions. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System Accommodate without Additional Generating Capacity ?

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Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid

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  1. Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Planner Austin Energy Mark.kapner@austinenergy.com

  2. Questions How Many PHEVs Can the Power System Accommodate without Additional Generating Capacity ? How does the Replacement of Conventional IC Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse Gas Emissions ? How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs Effect the Grid ?

  3. Methodology to Answer Question1 Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC region using a “valley filling” methodology System load profile data from NERC and EIA Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches, a typical summer and typical winter day Simulate the economic dispatch of generators Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity minus generation dispatched to meet load. Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs Coal and Natural gas-fired units de-rated to account for planned outages

  4. Austin Energy Generation

  5. Summer Day Typical Load Profile Peakers Other Gas-fired Comb Cycle Coal Nuclear

  6. Typical Winter Day Comb Cycle Coal Nuclear

  7. NERC Map

  8. Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements by Vehicle Class

  9. Conclusion (assuming max 2 kW charging rate)

  10. GreenHouse Gas Emissions

  11. Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km

  12. Findings Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5 Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline consumption) Assuming utilities have some control over when charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum system load, increase the utilization of baseload units, and decrease plant cycling, and increase utility profits (and/or reduce electric rates).

  13. Findings PHEVs charging on today’s coal-fired generation have about 33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78% lower GHG emissions. Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night. Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high loading without a daily “cool down” period.

  14. Studies Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of Plug-In Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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