Recommendation to Cease NASA Crew Return Vehicle Development

1. Recommendation to Cease NASA Crew Return Vehicle Development Engineering Technical Communications Presentation April 29, 2004 Blake Hajovsky Amanda Kelly Anthony Pittman

2. Motivation for a CRV Feasibility Studies for Crew Escape Past and Present NASA CRV Development Underlying Ethics Recommendation Summary Overview

3. Station Mishaps: Fire Computer Malfunctions Life Support Systems Failures Spacecraft Collisions Space Debris Collisions Medical Emergencies Motivation for a CRV To provide a means for escape for 7 crew members in the event of: Photograph Courtesy of NASA Blake CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

4. Fire Location and magnitude Computer Malfunctions Loss of gyroscopes Life Support Systems Failures Oxygen generator failure Spacecraft Collisions Progress supply vehicle collision Feasibility Studies for Crew EscapeStation Mishaps Blake CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

5. Feasibility Studies for Crew EscapeSpace Debris Collisions • Impact on External Pressurized Tanks: • Immediate detonation of the gas within the tank • Tank thrust • Tank rupture • Direct impact of station module: • Depressurizing leak • Risk hypoxia Photograph Courtesy of NASA Blake CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

6. In space: Heart conditions Other life-threatening conditions Problems in Antarctica Detection of cancer Pancreatitis Feasibility Studies for Crew EscapeMedical Emergencies Blake CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

7. Past NASA CRV ProgramsX-38 Vehicle Concept • Organization: • Developed by NASA and Dryden in 1995 • X-38 Vehicle Concept: • Based on existing technologies • Carried to orbit by Shuttle • Lifting Body • NASA Investment: • 7 years of engineering work • Over 1 Billion Dollars • Program Progress: • Final Stages of Development Photograph courtesy of NASA Amanda CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

8. Vehicle design specifications to meet multi-purpose objectives Independent of Shuttle Crew rescue and crew transfer capabilities Increased launch probability Increased on-orbit maneuverability Limited cargo-carrying capability Past NASA CRV ProgramsModified Vision for CRV Amanda CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

9. Past NASA CRV ProgramsOrbital Space Plane (OSP) Vehicle Concept • Organization: • Industry Contract Competition began in 2003 • OSP Vehicle Concept: • Undecided • Capsule • Lifting body • Winged body • NASA Investment: • 1 year of engineering work • Over 1 Billion Dollars • Program Progress: • Preliminary Design Photograph Courtesy of Boeing Photograph Courtesy of Boeing Photograph Courtesy of Boeing Amanda CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

10. Vehicle design specifications Explore beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Moon and Mars Transporting crew to ISS after Shuttle is retired Present CRV DevelopmentCrew Exploration Vehicle Amanda CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

11. Ethics for a Rescue Vehicle • Safety requirements Today • Transportation • Military Mission • Crew sense of safety • Influence of Public Opinion Photo courtesy of eFluids Anthony CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

12. Ethics for a Rescue VehicleSuccessful Rescues Factors • Importance for recovery • Crew • Spacecrafts • Success depends on: • Extent of Emergency • Time to Implement • Working Environment Anthony CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

13. Ethics for a Rescue VehicleReality of Space Rescue • Crew Understands Danger • Percentage of Success • Harsh Space Environment • Types of emergencies • Cost vs. Benefit Anthony CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics Recommendation Summary

14. Cease NASA CRV Development Escape in most situations is not always feasible or necessary Over 2 billion dollars invested into canceled programs New NASA focus on Mars and Moon Crew understands inherent risks Soyuz vehicle can be used as CRV Recommendation Anthony CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics RecommendationSummary

15. Summary • Motivation for a CRV • Feasibility Studies for Crew Escape • Past and Present NASA CRV Development • Underlying Ethics • Recommendation • Summary Blake CRV Motivation Feasibility Studies NASA CRV Development Ethics RecommendationSummary