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Understanding Data Link Layer Services: Error Detection, Addressing, and Protocols

This outline explains the principles behind data link layer services, including error detection, correction, multiple access on a broadcast channel, link layer addressing, ARP, and RARP. It covers essential concepts such as LAN addresses, MAC address allocation, ARP protocol, and the use of RARP in obtaining IP addresses for hardware addresses. Learn about the functionalities of ARP tables, MAC address determination, and the process of sending datagrams across different LANs through ARP and routing mechanisms.

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Understanding Data Link Layer Services: Error Detection, Addressing, and Protocols

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  1. Outline • understand principles behind data link layer services: • error detection, correction • sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access • link layer addressing • ARP • RARP

  2. 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD LAN (wired or wireless) 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 LAN Addresses Each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address Broadcast address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF = adapter

  3. LAN Address • MAC address allocation administered by IEEE • manufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness) • Analogy: (a) MAC address: like Social Security Number (b) IP address: like postal address • MAC flat address ➜ portability • can move LAN card from one LAN to another • IP hierarchical address NOT portable • depends on IP subnet to which node is attached

  4. Question: how to determine MAC address of B knowing B’s IP address? ARP: Address Resolution Protocol • Each IP node (Host, Router) on LAN has ARP table (ARP Cache) • ARP Table: IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes • <IP address; MAC address; TTL> • TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) (also known as ARP Cache Timeout) 237.196.7.78 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 237.196.7.23 237.196.7.14 A B LAN 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 237.196.7.88

  5. A wants to send datagram to B, and B’s MAC address not in A’s ARP table. A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address Dest MAC address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF all machines on LAN receive ARP query B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address frame sent to A’s MAC address (unicast) ARP protocol: Same LAN (network) • A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out) • soft state: information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed • ARP is “plug-and-play”: • nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator

  6. Routing to another LAN • walkthrough: send datagram from A to B via R, assume A knows B’s IP address • Two ARP tables in router R, one for each IP network (LAN) • In routing table at source Host, find router 111.111.111.110 • In ARP table at source, find MAC address E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B, etc A R B

  7. Routing to another LAN • A creates datagram with source A, destination B • A uses ARP to get R’s MAC address for 111.111.111.110 • A creates link-layer frame with R's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram • A’s adapter sends frame • R’s adapter receives frame • R removes IP datagram from Ethernet frame, sees its destined to B • R uses ARP to get B’s MAC address • R creates frame containing A-to-B IP datagram sends to B A R B

  8. RARP • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a network layer protocol used to obtain an IP address for a given hardware address. • When a system with a local disk is bootstrapped it normally obtains its IP address from a configuration file that's read from a disk file. But a system without a disk, such as an X terminal or a diskless workstation, RARP is used to obtain its IP address. • The format of an RARP packet is almost identical to an ARP packet (Figure 4.3). The only differences are that the frame type is 0×8035 for an RARP request or reply, and the op field has a value of 3 for an RARP request and 4 for an RARP reply. • As with ARP, the RARP request is broadcast and the RARP reply is normally unicast. • It has been rendered obsolete by BOOTP, DHCP (will be discussed later)

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