Chapter 26: PUNCTUATION

1. Chapter 26:PUNCTUATION English 12A – Mrs. Krabill

2. End Marks • Used to indicate the purpose of a sentence • .Statement (declarative) • ? Question (interrogative) • Watch out for INDIRECT QUESTIONS: • When does Christmas Break start? • Julie wants to know when Christmas Break starts.

3. End Marks • IMPORTANT FOR WRITING!!! • Put ? Inside closing quotation marks if the QUOTATION ITSELF is a question! • Mike asked, “Did you hit my car with an egg?” • Do you agree with the famous quote “Misery loves company”?

4. End Marks • ! Exclamation (exclamatory) • Oh, my gosh! • But wait! There’s more! • But wait, there’s more! • In writing, the same quotation rule applies!

5. End Marks • . Request or command (imperative) • Please record Criminal Minds tonight. • Do your homework.

6. Abbreviations • Most abbreviations are followed by a period. • PERSONAL NAMES • John F. Kennedy • W.E.B. DuBois

7. Abbreviations • SOCIAL TITLES are abbreviated before full or last names. • Mr. Mrs. Dr. • MILITARY and CIVIL TITLES are abbreviated before full names, but spelled out before last names alone • Gen. George Washington vs. General Washington • Sen. Carl Levin vs. Senator Levin

8. Abbreviations • IMPORTANT FOR WRITING!!! • Once you spell out the name of an agency or organization, you may abbreviate with an acronym • FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation • ADA – American Dental Association • HUD – Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

9. Geographical Terms • In regular text, spell out names of states and political units. Abbreviate in tables, charts, and works cited pages. • TEXT: The Bottlecap Museum in Grayling, Michigan, is on the top 100 tourist attractions in Michigan list. • CHART: Grayling, Mich. London, U.K.

10. Addresses • In text, spell out every word. • On envelopes, tables, and notes – abbrev. • TEXT: We attend school at 1135 North Old 27, Grayling, Michigan, 49738. • ENVELOPE: 1135 N. Old 27 Grayling, MI 49738

11. Time • Abbreviate A.D. and B.C. for dates • Attila the Hun began reign in A.D. 433. • In 55 B.C., Julius Caesar invaded Britain • A.D. goes BEFORE the date • Spell out months and days in text • Christmas break begins on Friday, December 20, after school.

12. Units of Measurement • Abbreviations for units of measurement do NOT have periods. • Mm, kg, ml, tsp, Tbsp, yd, ft, lb • EXCEPT! Use a period after inch (in.) to avoid confusion with the word in. • Spell out the names in regular text!

13. COMMAS: Items in a Series • Key Concept: • Use commas to separate items in a series • Examples: • The dentist says that candy, soda, and citrus contribute to cavities. (words) • I listen to *NSYNC in the car, at home, and while running. (phrases) • The police wanted to know where I was going, who I was with, and why I was going so fast. (clauses)

14. COMMAS: Items in a Series • Do NOT use a comma BEFORE or AFTER the series. • Example: • We are studying, geometry, history, and English, in school. • “Optional” comma: Before a conjunction joining the last two items of the series. • Grammatically, it is okay without it if it is not confusing, BUT… • ALWAYS USE ONE IN OUR CLASS!!!

15. COMMAS: Items in a Series • Do NOT use a comma if ALL the items in a series are joined by and, or, or nor. • Example: • Leonard and Sheldon and Raj and Howard sat at The Cheesecake Factory. • HOWEVER, short independent clauses may be separated by commas and NO conjunctions. • Example: • We came, we saw, we conquered.

16. COMMAS: Items in a Series • Long items including commas and separated by commas can be confusing– use SEMICOLONS to separate them instead. • Example: • You can update your status on Facebook, which only your friends can read; Twitter, which can include hashtags; or AOL IM, which I don’t think anyone uses anymore.

17. Two or More Adjectives • Key Concept: • Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun. • Example: • Who owns that dirty, red truck? • Be careful not to separate an ADVERB from an ADJECTIVE. • Example: • Stop playing that super loud music.