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Climate Change and Urban Energy

Climate Change and Urban Energy. Module 5. Climate Change and Urban Energy. C limate Change and Urban Energy. Outline of lecture. The link between climate change, cities and energy Energy and cities: some fundamental concepts Energy - related climate action

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Climate Change and Urban Energy

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  1. Climate Change and Urban Energy Module 5

  2. Climate Change and Urban Energy Climate Change and Urban Energy

  3. Outline of lecture • The link between climate change, cities and energy • Energy and cities: some fundamental concepts • Energy - related climate action • Energy policy and planning for climate change Climate Change and Urban Energy

  4. The link between climate change, cities and energy

  5. Kick-off: Linking climate change, cities and energy Kick-off: Linking climate change, cities and energy • Brainstorming: • How and why does ‘energy’ matter for climate change and cities? •  Discussion in class • (5-10 min) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  6. How climate change occurs • Temperature changes • Precipitation (rainfall) changes • Sea Level Rise • Extreme Events Climate Change and Urban Energy

  7. Impacts of Climate Change: Cities as ‘victims’ • storm flooding/damage and related effects • heat stress on humans • water shortages, increasing energy demand • disruption of services, cuts in energy supply Landslidesandfloods in Rio de Janeiro 2010 Source BBC Climate Change and Urban Energy

  8. Example: Storm flooding in Shanghai • with 0.3m Sea Level Rise, about 55.000 km2 will be inundated • Impacts: flood damage, coastal erosion, salt water penetration • Reinforced by local factors Source: WWF 2009 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  9. Example: heat stress in New York • Temperature increase; 2.5°C since 1900 • Projections: 4-7.5°C until 2080, increase in frequency and duration of heat waves • Impact: heat stress on humans • Most affected are particularly at-risk groups Landslides and floods in Rio de Janeiro 2011 , Source BBC Source: NPCC CRI 2009 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  10. Example: heat water shortages / energy demand in Cape Town • Temperature increase of between 2-3 degrees C by 2050; • Up to 20%extremely hot days (over 35°C) • Increased evaporation from storage dams drying during autumn and winter • Impact: severe water shortages in a region which is already prone to frequent droughts • Impact: higher energy need to transport water to the city, higher energy demand (cooling) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  11. Example: Trends in natural catastrophes and insured losses Source: Rockefeller Foundation 2010: 21 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  12. Sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions Source: UN Habitat 2012: 28, using IPCC figure (IPCC 2007:5) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  13. Lesson 1: Urban Energy as ‘culprit’ of climate change • The urban energy sector is a main source of GHG emissions • Energy consumption is particularly high in cities Climate Change and Urban Energy

  14. Energy and GHG emissions : the case of Singapore Source: GovernmentofSingapore (2008): 15 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  15. Energy and GHG emissions : the case of Sao Paulo • Sao Paulo: • Comprehensive GHG inventory done in 2005 • Energy accounts for more than 75% of the city’s emissions Source: modifiedfrom UN Habitat 2011: 49 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  16. Lesson 2: Urban Energy is a ‘victim’ of climate change • Energy services and infrastructure are vulnerable • to the effects of climate change Climate Change and Urban Energy

  17. Lesson 2: Urban Energy is a ‘victim’ of climate change • Extreme events may cause infrastructure disruptions • Increasing temperature increases demand on energy related infrastructure (i.e. cooling needs during extreme hot weather • Increasing energy demand / use further increases local temperature (heat release e.g. from air conditioning) Foto: Florian Steinberg Climate Change and Urban Energy

  18. Urban Energy: basic forms and definitions • Primary energy • Secondary energy • Final energy • Embodied energy Climate Change and Urban Energy

  19. Summary: why should we focus on urban energy sector • Urban Energy • Is the core of any GHG emission reduction attempt • Is also a key concern for climate change adaptation Climate Change and Urban Energy

  20. Urban energy: some fundamental concepts

  21. From energy to GHG emissions: the ‘linear’ resources flow Source: GirardetandMendonca 2009: 175 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  22. Cities contribute emissions in three main ways • Direct GHG emissions that occur within the territorial boundary of the city or local region (scope 1) • Indirect emissions that occur outside of the city boundary as a result of activities that occur within the city (scope 2) • Other indirect emissions and embodied emissions that occur outside of the city boundary, as a result of activities of the city (scope 3) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  23. Emission inventory: information on where GHG occurs Source: ICLEI 2008, ICLEI9 2009 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  24. Energy: GHG emissions vary by fuel / technology Source: modified from Girardet and Mendonca 2009: 208 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  25. What Energy is made of: sources and types Source: UN Habitat 2012: 69: Climate Change and Urban Energy

  26. Energy losses from supply to end use The Energy Conversion Chain from Supply to End-use, Source: UN Habitat 2012: 55 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  27. Energy and Buildings • Globally, 8% of GHG emissions (2004 figures, IPCC 2007) • Direct emissions (onsite combustion of fuels), indirect emissions (e.g. from public electricity, street lighting), embodied energy (materials used for construction) • Type of fuel used for heating and cooling determines the amount of GHG emissions • Consumption, behaviour of occupants matters Climate Change and Urban Energy

  28. Energy and the Industry • Globally, 20% of GHG emissions (2004 figures, IPCC 2007) • Location of emissions is shifting from global North to global South (wages, standards, emergence of BRICs) • Industry types and intensity matter • Example from South Africa: • City of Cape Town: 6.4 tons CO2/capita/year • Saldanha Bay: 49.5 tons CO2/capita/year • Johannesburg: 5.6 tons CO2/capita/year • (Source: Sustainable Energy Africa 2006, quoted from UN Habitat 2011) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  29. Energy and Transportation • Globally, 13% of GHG emissions (2004 figures, IPCC 2007)res • Great variation in emissions between cities • Emissions are strongly influenced by vehicle technology and fuels, consumption patterns, location (density, land use, design, destination, accessibility and transit) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  30. Energy and Waste • Waste carries ‘embodied energy’ • Two types: municipal waste, industrial waste • Up to a 95 per cent energy reduction can be achieved from recycling waste materials Climate Change and Urban Energy

  31. Energy and Water Source: UN Habitat 2012: 46 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  32. Energy and urban form: density • Worldwide urban densities have been declining over the past two centuries • Higher per-capita energy and emissions in the outer lower-density suburbs (Lenzen et al 2004, Van de Weghe and Kennedy 2007) • More compact housing and compact and mixed urban developments have reduced costs for heating and cooling (smaller homes, shared walls) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  33. Energy and urban form: density and transportation • In less compact cities, transportation by automobile is the biggest contributor to energy use (Newman and Kenworthy 1999) • On average, residents who live at a distance of 15km from am urban centre use more than twice the transport energy compared to residents living 5 km away (Stead and Williams 2001) • Each doubling of average neighborhood density is associated with a decrease of 20-40% in household vehicle use Climate Change and Urban Energy

  34. Energy and urban form: density transport and diversity • Diversity of functions matters as well: strict separation of uses maximizes private transportation • Density / compact urban form also has implications on the choice of urban energy supply and the type of energy used for buildings • Density also affects upstream conversion losses (lower densities mean higher losses) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  35. Example: a spatially explicit energy account in Toronto Total GHG emissions from Toronto (tons CO2-equivalent/capita/year) Source: VandeWeghe and Kennedy 2007), quoted from Grubler and Fisk (2012): 53, Climate Change and Urban Energy

  36. Energy and the heat island effect • Urban heat island: frequently observed pattern of urban air temperature that exceed those of neighboring, more rural areas • Similar to air pollution concentrations (can be enhanced by local topography and climate patterns) • Urban areas are often 1 – 3°C warmer than the surrounding air • The extent of urban heat island increases with increasing energy use (heat release e.g. from air conditioning) and is related to land use Climate Change and Urban Energy

  37. Energy and the heat island effect Heat island effect is compounded by : • Replacement of moderating factors • Modification of the local hydrology • Structural characteristics of urban form • Area size (extent) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  38. Energy and the heat island effect: an urban gradient Source: UN Habitat 2012: 39 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  39. Energy and the heat island effect: an example Thermal image of downtown Sacramento, California on June 29, 1998 at noon Temperature ranges from: Red: 125 – 140 °F to Blue: 50 - 65 °F Source: Gorsevski et al 1998, quoted from Gartland 2008: 9) Climate Change and Urban Energy

  40. Linkages between energy demand and (local) air pollution • Cities are among the most polluted areas: high energy demand density = high air pollution densities • Type of substance depends on type of activity and type of energy source • Mediated by local meteorological and topographic conditions Climate Change and Urban Energy

  41. Energy - related climate action

  42. Energy related climate action: an overview of the options • Reduce energy and emissions (buildings, water, waste, food, energy supply) • Environmental planning and design • Transport planning (covered by module 5b) • Land use planning (urban development and design) • Carbon capture and storage Climate Change and Urban Energy

  43. Energy related climate action: an overview of the options Energy sufficiency/conservation Energyefficiency RenewableEnergySupply Fossil fueluseefficiency Climate Change and Urban Energy

  44. Energy sufficiency: waste reduction in Surabaya, Indonesia • Solid waste management approach in one community, with an efficient composting method (a composting basket) (2004 -2006) • A centre was set up that collected organic waste • Waste separation into organic and non-organic • Up-scaling (since 2006) • Reduction of the amount of waste generated from 1,500 tons a day in 2005 to 1,300 tons in 2005 to 1,150 tons in 2008 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  45. Energy conservation: rainwater harvesting in Delhi, India • Delhi: acute water shortages and a drastic drop in the groundwater table. • Municipal Corporation of Delhi: instructions to make rainwater harvesting mandatory in all new buildings with a roof area of more than 100 m2 on plots exceeding 1,000 m2 • High potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting • Additional recharge to groundwater • Energy savings from reduced pumping needs • http://de.slideshare.net/geosaibhaskar/climate-change-rainwater-harvesting Climate Change and Urban Energy

  46. Renewable energy: solar water heaters in Cape Town • Installation of solar water heaters as part of the City‘s Energy and Climate Change Strategy • Objectives; reduce emissions, reduce dependency on (dangerous) paraffin, save costs • Measures: information, installation at city-owned houses, financing scheme • Source: City of Cape Town: • Energy and Climate Change Strategy 2005 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  47. Energy recovery through landfills, China • ShuangkuoLandfill: project to recover landfill gas (LFG) for electricity generation (planned capacity 4.3 MW) • First generator of 1.03 MW started operation in May 2008 • Sales of produced electricity to generate revenues and gain local environmental benefits Sources: https://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=Projport&ProjID=34324 http://www.esmap.org, Climate Change and Urban Energy

  48. Efficient use of fossil fuels: cogeneration Source: UN Habitat 2012: 80 Climate Change and Urban Energy

  49. Environmental Planning and design • Greening of facades and roofs • Trees, vegetation, ‘cool’ paving • Rainwater harvesting, ponds Climate Change and Urban Energy

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