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The Church and Crusades in the Middle Ages

Explore the powerful role of the Church, the structure of clergy, the Gothic architecture, and the history of the Crusades in the Middle Ages. Discover the impacts of agricultural changes, trade guilds, financial revolution, and the devastating Black Death.

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The Church and Crusades in the Middle Ages

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  1. MIDDLE AGES A.D. 500 - 1500

  2. Most Powerfuland influential Institution during Middle Ages Brought Order & Unity Functions: 1. Religious-Excommunication 2. Political-Canon Law 3. Economic-Tithe 4. Social-Education ROLE OF THE CHURCH

  3. CLERGY: 1. POPE – head of the Church 2. BISHOPS – leads the Diocese {today there are about 3000 worldwide} 3. PRIESTS – in charge of parish {Deacons assist Priests} {Cardinals are advisors appointed by the Pope They elect the Pope…} Structure of the church

  4. Churches (Cathedrals) were built during Middle Ages starting in 1100 Characteristics: Stained Glass Windows Tall Spires Pointed Arches Ribbed Vaults Flying Buttresses GOTHIC ARCHItecture

  5. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

  6. Series of Holy Wars between Muslims & Christians lasting over 300 years Crusaders comprised military units of Roman Catholics from all over western Europe were not under unified command Wars took place in the Middle East: Christians vs. Muslims Main reason – Christians wanted to recover “HOLY LAND” from the Muslims THE CRUSADES

  7. Regain Holy Land (Palestine) from Muslims Pope hoped to uniteRoman and Byzantine Christians Sins would be forgiven Gain wealth & land Adventure –excitement & travel Get rid of quarrelsome Knights Serfs wanted to escape REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES

  8. POPE URBAN II calls for “holy war”- take back control of holy land and help out Byzantines Soldiers recruited from all over Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain) July 15, 1099 Crusaders entered Jerusalem Massacred Jews/Muslims took control of city Muslims surprised by attacks not united under single ruler FIRST CRUSADE 1095 -1099

  9. Crusaders establish Christian states in: *JERUSALEM *ANTIOCH *EDESSA Edessa recaptured by Muslims in 1144 leading to the Second Crusade Results of first crusade

  10. Unites most of the Muslim world – Egypt, Syria, North Africa, Mesopotamia July 4, 1187 – defeats Crusader army at Battle of Hattin October 2, 1187 – Saladin captures Jerusalem from Christians Loss of Jerusalem leads to Third Crusade SALADIN

  11. Attempt by England, France, & Germany to regain Jerusalem Crusaders led by King of England – Richard The Lionheart Crusaders did win some victories but unable to recapture Jerusalem Richard & Saladin sign peace treaty – Muslims controlled city but Christians could freely visit THIRD CRUSADE (King’s Crusade) 1188-1192

  12. After the Third Crusade there would be 5/6 more attempts by Christians to recapture Jerusalem – all ended in failure “Holy Land” remained under the control of Muslims until after World War I Additional Crusades

  13. Increased Trade & Commerce Fruits, carpets, fabrics, perfumes, spices, pepper (all goods from the Middle East) Encouragement of Learning – Greek & Roman writings {new ideas in Medicine, Science, Literature, Art} Cultural Diffusion – Islamic Culture Goes West Helped Undermine Feudalism – rise of Kings Religious Hatred – Muslims/Christians

  14. I. AGRICULTURE – climate became warmer *Used Horses instead of Oxen *Three Field System – rotated crops *Food Production increased *People Lived Longer Changes in medieval society

  15. II.TRADES: *Development of GUILDS *Made up of workers who did same job *Worked to improve economic/social conditions *Set Standards and Prices/Made Rules CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

  16. III. FINANCE – COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION *Expansion of trade and banking *Jews became chief sources of loans *Catholic Church began to form banks CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

  17. Highly Contagious Disease Spread by fleas that lived on rats Became an Epidemic – no cure 1300’s – Began in Asia – carried by Mongols along Silk Road Italian Traders Bring plague to Europe Spreads Quickly through Europe BUBONIC PLAGUE – “BLACK DEATH”

  18. Population Loss – about 1/3 of European pop. Trade Declined – prices rose, production fell Feudalism Declined – peasant revolt Church Suffered – questioned faith Jews were Blamed – persecuted/killed EFFECTS OF PLAGUE

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