Outline: Tool use in non-humans Can tool use indicate a culture Language is cultural Can great apes learn a new langu

1. 1 as yet another aside, I discovered that there�s a talking seal out there! http://www.neaq.org/scilearn/kids/hooveronly.htmlas yet another aside, I discovered that there�s a talking seal out there! http://www.neaq.org/scilearn/kids/hooveronly.html

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9. 9 Note: they aren�t very good�success observed 1/22 attempts but still quite remarkable!Note: they aren�t very good�success observed 1/22 attempts but still quite remarkable!

10. 10 Note: they aren�t very good�success observed 1/22 attempts but still quite remarkable!Note: they aren�t very good�success observed 1/22 attempts but still quite remarkable!

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19. 19 According to Lieberman (1998) the Gardners were in fact inspired to do this work because of those very sad experiments done with infant monkeys by Harry Harlow-deprived social environments produce asocial �retarded� monkeys! Apparent;y some quite rigorous tests were applied to check that the individuals had actually learned the signs. The criteria from the behavioural work was also quiet strict. Interesting page on Washoe and offspring: http://friendsofwashoe.org/home.htmAccording to Lieberman (1998) the Gardners were in fact inspired to do this work because of those very sad experiments done with infant monkeys by Harry Harlow-deprived social environments produce asocial �retarded� monkeys! Apparent;y some quite rigorous tests were applied to check that the individuals had actually learned the signs. The criteria from the behavioural work was also quiet strict. Interesting page on Washoe and offspring: http://friendsofwashoe.org/home.htm

20. 20 you can read more about Loulis in Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H. & Van Cantfort, T. (1989). The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner & T. Van Cantfort (Eds.), Teaching sign language to chimpanzees (pp. 280-292). Albany: State University of New York Press. 1 copy in library but I have a copy that anyone can borrow if they want. For the sentimental amongst you, here is a description of Washoe�s behaviour (she had lost two of her own infants previously) when Fouts brought her the baby Loulis: ROGER FOUTS (signs): I HAVE BABY FOR YOU Washoe gets very excited and says: BABY MY BABY RF leaves, come back with the infant Loulis. At first Washoe seems disappointed in Loulis (who is a bit terrified at the time). She signs BABY. That night Loulis refused to sleep with Washoe, but when Washoe wakes up at 4 a.m. she signed COME BABY at Loulis (who of course knew no ASL!) and slapped her arms. Loulis was frightened but nevertheless jumped into Washoe�s arms. From then on�as mother and son! from Fouts et al. (1989).you can read more about Loulis in Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H. & Van Cantfort, T. (1989). The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner & T. Van Cantfort (Eds.), Teaching sign language to chimpanzees (pp. 280-292). Albany: State University of New York Press. 1 copy in library but I have a copy that anyone can borrow if they want. For the sentimental amongst you, here is a description of Washoe�s behaviour (she had lost two of her own infants previously) when Fouts brought her the baby Loulis: ROGER FOUTS (signs): I HAVE BABY FOR YOU Washoe gets very excited and says: BABY MY BABY RF leaves, come back with the infant Loulis. At first Washoe seems disappointed in Loulis (who is a bit terrified at the time). She signs BABY. That night Loulis refused to sleep with Washoe, but when Washoe wakes up at 4 a.m. she signed COME BABY at Loulis (who of course knew no ASL!) and slapped her arms. Loulis was frightened but nevertheless jumped into Washoe�s arms. From then on�as mother and son! from Fouts et al. (1989).

21. 21 mpeg about Koko�50 mins long (so try it on the weekend only!) http://www.researchchannel.org/program/displayevent.asp?rid=992 also there�s a website but its pretty political�all about ape conservation and not too much reference to the scientitific work with Koko, but check it out for yourself: mpeg about Koko�50 mins long (so try it on the weekend only!) http://www.researchchannel.org/program/displayevent.asp?rid=992 also there�s a website but its pretty political�all about ape conservation and not too much reference to the scientitific work with Koko, but check it out for yourself:

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27. 27 quotable quote from the Great Monkeys biography page: �I saw Kanzi following requests on T.V. and let me tell you, that chimp can talk!!! Kanzi is much better at responding to vocal commands like "Take off Sue's shoe." In one particularly arresting feat, recorded on videotape, Kanzi was told, "Give the dog a shot." The chimpanzee picked up a hypodermic syringe lying on the ground in front of him, pulled off the cap and injected a toy stuffed dog.� more on Kanzi from the Georgia State University Language Research Centre (LRC) group can be read here: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc/biographies/kanzi.html A rather wordy but interesting short note by Duane Rumbaugh can be seen here: http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_37.asp They have been directly comparing the linguistic acquistion of a chimp Panzi and a Bonobo Panbanish at the same time. Not crucial for this course but might be of interest. quotable quote from the Great Monkeys biography page: �I saw Kanzi following requests on T.V. and let me tell you, that chimp can talk!!! Kanzi is much better at responding to vocal commands like "Take off Sue's shoe." In one particularly arresting feat, recorded on videotape, Kanzi was told, "Give the dog a shot." The chimpanzee picked up a hypodermic syringe lying on the ground in front of him, pulled off the cap and injected a toy stuffed dog.� more on Kanzi from the Georgia State University Language Research Centre (LRC) group can be read here: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc/biographies/kanzi.html A rather wordy but interesting short note by Duane Rumbaugh can be seen here: http://www.psichi.org/pubs/articles/article_37.asp They have been directly comparing the linguistic acquistion of a chimp Panzi and a Bonobo Panbanish at the same time. Not crucial for this course but might be of interest.

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30. 30 a shortish review of some of the great ape language stuff (and a wee bit on Chomsky too) can be read at http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4451/TalkWithChimps.html by journalist George Johnson, http://www.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.chimp.html Christopher Green (I think he teaches History of Psychology at York U in Canada) has a nice paper on the web on Chomskyian �liguistic nativisim� (I.e. we speak mate, its human and dats dat) and ape language studies. Give it a try here: http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00001178/00/innate.htm a shortish review of some of the great ape language stuff (and a wee bit on Chomsky too) can be read at http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4451/TalkWithChimps.html by journalist George Johnson, http://www.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.chimp.html Christopher Green (I think he teaches History of Psychology at York U in Canada) has a nice paper on the web on Chomskyian �liguistic nativisim� (I.e. we speak mate, its human and dats dat) and ape language studies. Give it a try here: http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00001178/00/innate.htm

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33. 33 Hurlford 2003 is chap 3 in Language Evolution. Entitled �The Language Mosaic and its Evolution�. Hurlford 2003 is chap 3 in Language Evolution. Entitled �The Language Mosaic and its Evolution�.

34. 34 more readings this time chaps---I expect you to read a bit widely before you get down to the specifics!more readings this time chaps---I expect you to read a bit widely before you get down to the specifics!