psychologist

1. psychologist 10 important Psychologist to Remember By Steven Wilkey

2. Bandura Born December 4, 1925, in Mundare, Alberta, Canada

3. bandura • Banduras approach was originally classified as social learning, but he decided to change it to social cognitive • This was because Bandura decided that his studies pushed beyond the limits of social learning

4. Bandura • Developed a social cognitive theory of human functioning • This theory states that humans are self-organizing, proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating

5. Bandura • Bandura is also famous for the idea of modeling • The most famous of the modeling experiments in the is the Bobo doll experiment which showed that if children saw adults beat the doll, then they are likely to do the same.

6. bandura • Bandura's current research falls into four main areas • The first is the continuation of modeling • His second line of research is about the mechanisms of human agency(how people control there own motivation/behavior) • His third line of research is how people's perceptions of their abilities is used to exercise influence over the events that affect their lives • Bandura's fourth line of research is to learn how stress reactions and depressions are caused

7. Erik Erikson Born Frankfurt, Germany 1902

8. Erikson • Erikson is a Freudian ego psychologist • This means that he basically accepts Freud's beliefs and continues to expound on them. • However he is much more culture and society oriented then most Freudian.

9. Erikson • Erikson's most famous contribution is the epigenetic principle • This principle states that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages • Each stage includes task that are psychosocial in nature.

10. Erikson • One of Erikson's greatest accomplishments was the development of the eight, not five, stages of social development • While Freud pointed out that a relationship with there parents is important to the child, Erikson pointed out that the arrival of children was important to the parents as well

11. Erikson • Erikson developed the eight stages of social development • These eight stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ego-identity vs. role-confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. self-absorption, and finally integrity vs. despair

12. Sigmund Freud Born May 6, 1856, in Freiburg, Moravia

13. Freud • Freud is considered the father of Psychoanalytic thought • Please note that there are more slides on Freud than anyone else because quite simply there is so much that he did

14. Freud • Freud is responsible for making the conscious vs. unconscious debate very popular • According to Freud the conscious mind is what you are aware of at a particular moment, the unconscious to put it simply is everything else

15. Freud • Freud also developed the ideas of id, ego, and super ego. • Id is the “pleasure principle” the id only knows that you want it • Ego is the “reality principle” it represents reason and says that we will take care of the want as soon as a reasonable how is found • Super Ego is right and wrong. The Superego is divided into conscience and “ego ideal” which communicate with the ego through guilt

16. Id, ego, and superego This is a portrayal of the mind as it works according to Freud

17. Freud • Freud also developed what are called the “defense mechanisms” • The mechanisms include denial, repression, isolation, and displacement among other techniques • See http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html for the complete list

18. Freud… again • Freud also developed the idea of five stages of development • The stages are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, the latent stage, and the genital stage

19. Freud… still • The oral stage focuses on the mouth as the form of pleasure (till 18 months) • The anal stage focuses on the anus as the form of pleasure (18 months till 4 years) • The phallic stage focuses on the genitals(3 to 7 years old) • The latent stage is suppressed feelings (7 years till puberty) • The genital stage is pretty self explanatory

20. Maslow Born April 1, 1908, Brooklyn, New York

21. Maslow • Maslow is a humanist, being that he stressed the importance of the human in psychology

22. Maslow • Maslow is of course most important for his hierarchy of needs • This hierarchy of needs include from the bottom, physiological needs, safety/security needs, love/belonging needs, esteem needs, and finally self actualization

23. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

24. Maslow • Maslow also dealt with the idea of self actualization • To Maslow all “self actualized” people had some things in common, they were reality and problem centered, they enjoyed autonomy, they had human kinship • For the complete list visit http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html

25. Stanley Milgram Born August 15, 1933, in New York City

26. Milgram • Milgram is famous for his studies on obedience following the Holocaust to see whether or not Eichman was just following orders • To test this Milgram performed the infamous Milgram Experiment

27. Milgram • The Milgram experiment consisted of teachers and students. • The teachers were told to shock the students every time the student missed one of the vocab words that was said, up until a lethal 450 volts

28. Milgram • The results were shocking, 65% of all the people continued until the max 450 volts, despite the pleas of the student to stop • No one was actually hurt as the “students” were actually part of the experiment and were not shocked, however the teachers never knew that.

29. Milgram • These foundings led Milgram to say “every human has the dual capacity to function as an individual exercising his or her own moral judgment and the capacity to make their own moral decisions based on their personal character”

30. Ivan PAvlov Born September 14, 1849, at Ryazan, Russia

31. Pavlov • Ivan Pavlov is famous for his work into classical conditioning • Classical conditioning is the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an excitatory one eventually leading the neutral stimulus to elicit the response in a way that was associated with the original, unlearned reflex

32. Pavlov • In Pavlov's experiment “Pavlov used a metronome as the CS which he rang first, then fed the dogs. This pairing would eventually establish the dog's conditioned response of salivating to the sound of the metronome. After repeating this procedure several times, Pavlov was able to remove the US (food) and by only ringing the bell the dogs would salivate (CR). Since the bell alone now produced the unconditioned response (salivation), the association had been established (Conditioned). Pavlov continued to present the CS with any pairing with the US until the CR no longer occurred. This elimination of the CR is known as extinction. However, waiting a few days and then reintroducing ticking metronome resulted in the dogs once again salivating to the CS. Pavlov termed this, spontaneous recovery.”( recount of experiment from source 5)

33. Pavlov • The Unconditioned Stimuli= something that naturally causes the unconditioned response • The Unconditioned Response= natural reaction to the unconditioned stimuli • Conditioned Response= learned response to the previous neutral stimuli

34. Pavlov’s Experment

35. Jean Piaget Born Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on August 9, 1896

36. Piaget • Piaget was a developmental psychologist, focusing primarily on the intellectual development of children

37. Piaget • Piaget developed the idea of things that he called schemas. • Schemas are simples skills that even infants have that direct the way that they work in the environment • Piaget is also famous for his studies of adaptation(learning) • The two types of adaptations are assimilation(assimilating a new object into an old schema) and accommodation (accommodating an old schema to a new object)

38. Piaget • Piaget developed the stages of cognitive development • The stages are sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage

39. Piaget • Sensorimotor- last from birth till two years old, the infant uses senses and motor skills to understand the world • Preoperational- last from about two till seven, has mental representations and begins to pretend, early use of symbols

40. Piaget • Concrete Operations Stage- from about seven till eleven, now children are able to manipulate symbols logically • Formal Operations Stage- from teen years on, quite simply the ability to think abstractly,

41. B.F. Skinner Born March 20, 1904, Susquehanna, Pennslyvania

42. Skinner • Skinner is famous for his “Skinners Box Experiment” • Skinner helped to develop the idea of Operant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning is the idea that reinforcer can help to achieve the desired goal. • I.E. Rat presses bar to get food

43. Skinner • Skinner also developed the schedules of reinforcement, which are continuous reinforcement(every time reward), fixed ratio(every 3 times reward), fixed interval schedule( if hit during certain time they get a treat)

44. Wilheim Wundt Born August 16th, 1832, in the town of Neckarau, outside of Mannheim

45. Wundt • Known as the father of experimental psychology • Founded the first psychology laboratory • Famous as an influencer of many types of psychology, such as pragmaticsm

46. Lev Vygotsky Born November 1896

47. vygotsky • Framework for ideas is that social interaction plays a fudmental role in the development of cognition. • "Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals." (p57).

48. vygotsky • Second part of his theory depends upon "zone of proximal development" (ZPD) • This is a level of development that comes from social interaction • Development of ZPD depends on social interaction

49. Useful Websites • http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer • http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych

50. references • 1) TIP: Theories ." Theory Into Practice (TIP). N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://tip.psychology.org/bandura • 2) TIP: Theories ." Theory Into Practice (TIP). N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html>. • 3)Boeree, George . "Erik Erikson." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html>. • 4)Boeree, George . "Abraham Maslow." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html>. • 5)Boeree, George . "B. F. Skinner." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html>. • 6)Boeree, George . "Sigmund Freud." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html>. • 7)Lautenheiser, Mindy. "Psychology History." Welcome to Muskingum University. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/pavlov.htm>. • 8)Boeree, George . "Piaget." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piaget.html>. • 9)Miller, Heather . "Psychology History." Welcome to Muskingum University. muskingum, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/milgram.htm>. • 10)Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/>.