Understanding Geography: Map Concepts and Themes

1. Chapter 1 • Bell Work • Grab textbook, Nystrom atlas and folders • Pick up Unit 1 Checklist and outline map • Fill out Ch. 1 on outline map w/colored pencils •   “You may only be someone in the world, but to someone else, you may be the world.”

2. Map Concepts: pg.10 • Compass Rose • directional indicator that shows the Cardinal Directions on a map • Cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. • Map Legend- • Or KEY, tells reader about the symbols used in that map • Example: Page 10; what do red lines mean? • Black crossed lines? • Scale • Tells the reader about the size of a map in relation to the size of the real world. • Which map on page 10 shows a more detailed map? • The one on the right b/c the mile scale is smaller.

3. Map Concepts: pg.10 • Map Types (3) • Physical: Shows physical features like mountains, rivers, lakes of an area • Political- shows political features, things determined by people! State/nat’l boundaries • What is capital of Iran of pg. 14 • Special purpose: designed to show specific data; labeled what they show

4. Map Concepts: pg.10 • Hemispheres: means half of a sphere • When divided along the equator the earth is split into two? What would they be called? • North/South Hemispheres • When divided along the Prime meridian what would they be called? • East/West Hemispheres

5. Map Types Political Physical Political Physical Back

6. Special Purpose What is this a map of? Climate map Where is a majority of the Temperate? Southeast What does the dark red represent? Equatorial Back

7. Latitude/Longitude • Latitude • Also called parallels bc they run parallel to the equator • Run east to west, measured north and south • Longitude • Also called meridians; run from pole to pole • Run north to south, measured east to west

8. Anchor Work • Get Worksheets • With your 9 o’clock partners begin working on them for tomorrow • When finished or with a minute to go in class make sure to load them up in your folders and put everything back neatly!! • Have a great day! Be diligent • Finish as much as can!

9. Bell Work: Brinnnnggg, Bringggg • Get books, folders • Sit w/3 o’clock partners • Every group to come back to me w/the 3 CORRECT answers the 1st time gets a prize!! • Using the text pages 16,17, and 22 Answer • 7 North, 2 East • 60 north, 11 East • 42 north, 19 east Lome, Togo Oslo, Norway Tirane, Albania

10. GEOGRAPHY • What is it? • Study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other • Technology: Read/define these 4 concepts from pages 35-37 • Sonar • Remote Sensing • GPS • GIS

11. Technology • Sonar • Analyzes sound to determine distance/directions. Used to study ocean floor • Remote sensing (satellites) • Compares older/newer images of regions to identify changes in land use, vegetation, growth • GPS: Global positioning system • Uses satellites to broadcast accurate time measurements on distance and location • GIS: Geographic Information systems • Computer technology to solve geographic problems • Like where to put a nuclear power site b/c it could show what type of area could handle it

12. 5 Themes of Geography • 5 Important ?’s that geographers use to help them organize info about the world • Location: 2 types • Absolute: exact position of a place • Latitude and Longitude • Relative: Location of a place described by its relation to another place • Example • Grand Island is around 100 miles west of Lincoln as the next major city west near the Platte river

13. 5 Major Themes of Geography • 5 Important ?’s that geographers use to help them organize info about the world • Place: consists of a places physical and human characteristics (2 types) • Helps geographers show the distinctness and similarity of one place to another • Physical: every place has unique physical aspects like landforms, ecosystems, and climate to help separation from other places • Human Characteristics:How many people live, work, or visit there? What are languages, customs, beliefs? How are they governed? How does their economy work?

14. Lesson Closing • Tying in the 1st 2 themes of Geography • w/6 o’clock partners • Cut out picture of magazine article (nat’l geog. In back) • Find 2 pictures and list each thing for their location and their place • Example: if I found a picture of chimney rock • I could give its absolute and relative location • I could give a physical and human characteristic of the place • Will need to explain tomorrow

15. Bell Work • Get Books and folders • Answer questions • What is the absolute and relative location of Denver and Detroit? • What are 2 of 4 ?s geographers ask for Human characteristics? • What are the two characteristics of a place? • What are the two types of location?

16. Themes of Geography • Review • Location: Has both absolute (lat/long.) and relative • Place: consists of a places physical/human characteristics

17. Themes of Geography • Regions: (3 types) • Group of places w/at least one common characteristic • Can be determined by physical/human characteristics • Or by people’s perception • Formal: certain characteristics found throughout area • Ex: states, countries, cities all political regions, cornbelt • Functional: consists of a central place and the surrounding areas effected by it • Amazon drainage basin: drained by Amazon river so it effects the entire regions rivers and tributaries • Perceptual: defined by people’s feelings/attitudes towards an area • U.S. regions like upper midwest and middle states • Mexico is another b/c they are part of N. America but often linked w/ S.America b/c of their similar culture/norms

18. Themes of Geography • Movement: b/c places have different characteristics; • people, places, goods, and ideas will move between them • Read movement section on pg.41 and apply to these (History of New Orleans) • 1700s • Major French port that shipped goods from Mississippi to ocean • 1800s • RR expansion cut down the river trade importance • 1900s • Cities importance limited to surrounding states, became a major tourist hub and important center for oil/gas

19. Themes of Geography • Human-Environment Interaction • Concerned with……. • How people use their environment • How they have changed it • What are the consequences of those changes? • How have they responded to those changes? • Example: • American SW had few residents before technology made it capable to increase habitation • Rapid growth in population is now putting a strain on water supply and other areas

20. Anchor Activity • Grab colored paper and 1-2 Markers • Create a concept map over the 5 themes of Geography, using as little of your notes as possible • List the themes as well as the main concept w/in each theme • Example: Region= definition, and 1-3 types • Keep in folders • Finish Picture activity from Tuesday • Video

21. Bell Work: 10 minutes • Get book and folders • Finish Concept Map and completion check by me (keep in maps) • You and your partner, Find at least the absolute location of the two pictures you took out of the nat’l geo! • NO ONE SHOULD TAKE A BOOK OUT OF ROOM W/OUT PERMISSION; IF YOU SHARE IT

22. 5 Themes • Location • Absolute -Relative • Place • Human and Physical Characteristics • Region • Group of places with at least 1 common trait • Formal, Functional, Perceptual • Movement • Exchange/mvmnt. Of people, goods, ideas • N.Orleans Example • Human/Environment Interaction • How have people changed environment? • How have they dealt with those changes?

23. Section 2 Changes within the Earth

24. Physical Characteristics • Geology: Study of the earth’s physical structure and history • Divided up into 2 main Areas • Earth’s Layers • Land/Air/Water

25. The Earth’s Layers • Core (Center) • Consists of very hot metal, mainly iron mixed with some nickel. • Inner Core- is thought to be dense and solid • Outer Core metal is molten, or liquid • Mantle- around the core • Thick layer of rock, est. to be 1,800 mi. thick • Rock is mostly solid but some upper levels may be more flexible

26. The Earth’s Layers (cont’d) • Crust • Thin Rocky surface layer on top • Thinnest below oceans (5 mi. thick) • Thickest below continents (22+ mi. thick)

27. A= B=C= D=

28. Lesson Closing • Finish any activity that is in your folder that is not done • We will be speeding up the process in the next few weeks!! • Finish Video while working • Stay Quiet

29. Differentiated Friday • Watch 20 Minute Video • Physical Features of Earth • 25 Minutes of Work time on projects

30. Bell Work • Grab books and folders • Be ready to answer questions about earth’s layers? • What is the center of the earth that is mainly iron mixed with some nickel? • Core • What is the thinnest rocky layer? • Crust • The pit of the peach? • Inner Core • Up to 1800 miles thick and the biggest of the layers • Mantle

31. Land/Air/Water • Divided into spheres by various physical forms • Lithosphere • Soils, rocks, landforms, and other surfaces • Atmosphere • Layer of air, water, and substances above the surface

32. Land/Air/Water (cont’d) • Hydrosphere • Water in oceans, lakes, rivers, and even under the ground….called a ? • Aquifer • Biosphere • Is the world of plants, animals, and other living things that occupy the land/water of the earth

33. Land/Air/Water • Large landmasses in the oceans are called? • Continents • How many Continents are there? • 7, N.America, S. America, Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica • What is the smallest? • Australia • Biggest? • Asia

34. Landform Classifications • Classified according to differences in relief • Relief • The difference in elevation bt. The highest and lowest points • Whether they rise gradually or steeply • Major types of Landforms • Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains

35. How are The 4 different • Mountains • Rise at least 2000 ft above surrounding terrain • Hills • Lower, rounded, and generally less steep • Plateau • Raised Area, but surface is generally level • Plain • Flat or gently rolling area w/few elevation changes

36. Physical Processes • What are the forces that shape an area • Two major types: • Volcanism (movement of magma) • Movements affecting the earth’s crust.

37. Volcanoes • Can have three types: • Most famous is distinctive cone like Mt. Fuji in Japan • From alternating explosive eruptions and smooth lava flow.

38. Movements in the Crust • Plate Tectonics Theory: • Theory that the earths outer shell is not one solid sheet of rock. • Instead broken into a number of moving plates varying in size and thickness • Slide/move over a hot/flexible layer of the mantle; helps explain earthquakes/volcanoes

39. Continental Drift Theory • Theory that continents were once joined together in a super-continent • The continents slowly shifted positions due to their movement on what???? • Their tectonic plates

40. Lesson Closing • Read Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift • Answer Question to caption on pg. 47 • Moving east/west towards each other • Volcanoes/Tornadoes • Work on Section 2 Guided Reading/Review

41. Bell Work Look at two Theory Questions • What was done to support the continental drift theory? • Wegener found identical fossils from various continents • List the three volcanoes types given by the book • Small cinder cone, distinctive cone mtns., plateau like • Answer questions to caption on pg. 48 • Bt. 135 million and 65 million years ago • Laurasia and Gondwana

42. Seafloor Spreading • Another theory supporting Plate tectonics • Using Sonar Scientist began to see that the ocean floor had similar land formations as the continents did. But that rocks were much younger • Theory stated that molten rock came up beneath the underwater ridge system, broke through a split at the top. • The new rock spreads out both ways as if on a conveyer belt.

43. Sea Floor Spreading

44. Plate Movements • Convection • Circular movement caused when a material is heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls.

45. When Plates Meet • 4 Major Types of Plate movement • Spreading, Subduction, Convergence, Faulting • Spreading • When plates pull away from each other • Form a diverging plate boundary • Likely to have rift valleys, earthquakes, or volcanic action

46. When Plates Meet Cont’d • Outcomes when plates meet depends on the density of those plates • Oceanic plates (ocean) are denser than continental plates • Subduction- when an oceanic (denser) plate meets a continental plate it slides beneath the lighter plate. • Ocean material will sink/melt; some coming back up in volcanic action before it cools • Cascade Range/Andes Mountains were formed by this.

47. Convergence • When two oceanic plates collide the denser will slide beneath. • Can form an arc of volcanic islands • When two continental plates collide, NEITHER will sink • Buckling, folding will result in great Mountain ranges.

48. Faults • When plates slip or grind past one another • Example is the San Andreas fault in CA. • Ring of Fire • Circle of volcanoes surrounding the pacific ocean, look on pg. 47.

49. Lesson Closing • Activity • With 6 o’clock partners you will be given two vocab. Words that you need to draw clues on the board for other teams to answer! • Will Draw tomorrow

50. Bell Work • Finish Game: Draw clues on board • Answer these questions • Write down this assignment for Thursday and will start at end of period! • Pg. 58 • 1-16, 18-19 • Time to work on Thursday!!