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WWI & 1930’s

WWI & 1930’s. A Era of Change The students will examine the impact of U.S. involvement in World War I and identify the key developments in the aftermath of WWI. WWI Causes. Militarism- The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war. Romantic

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WWI & 1930’s

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  1. WWI & 1930’s A Era of Change The students will examine the impact of U.S. involvement in World War I and identify the key developments in the aftermath of WWI.

  2. WWI Causes • Militarism- The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war. Romantic • Arms race- European countries began to try and out build each other, whoever had the largest Army or Navy was seen as powerful, becomes an “Ego Thing”. • Schlieffen Plan- a strategy by Germany to fight a two front war against Russia and France. It calls for Germany to attack France through Belgium, seize Paris, then turn and attack Russia.

  3. WWI Causes cont’d.. • Alliance system- European nations feared and distrusted each other, so to keep from “fighting” they created alliances to defend each other. • Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. • Triple Entente- France, Russia and Great Britain. • Problem?-

  4. WWI Causes Cont’d…. • Nationalism- A deep devotion and pride to one’s country. • Imperialism- Economic rivalries between European nations led to conflicts over land and resources all over the world. This almost led to war before and with competition heating up, tensions were on the rise • Assassination-June 28th, 1914 Archduke Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand a terrorist group.

  5. WWI Inventions and Warfare • New Weapons of War- Machine Gun, Poison Gas, Tank, Airplane, Smokeless Gunpowder and Submarine. 1. Impact- All of these new weapons contributed to a brutal and bloody war that shook the people of Europe as millions die and war is no longer romantic.

  6. WWI Warfare • Trench Warfare- Both sides dug miles of trenches opposite each other. The area between them was called “No Man’s Land”- for the entire war no side gained anything more than a few yards of territory but lost millions of men. • Total War- This is when an entire nation devotes itself to war, everything is directed to making weapons and clothes for soldiers. • Propaganda Campaign- Each side uses radio and newspapers to show the others as evil and convince their people and others that they are fighting for a good cause.

  7. U.S. Reaction to WWI • American people- are shocked that Europe went to war • Woodrow Wilson- As president he held true to the tradition of foreign policy established by Washington. 1. Initial position – no alliances with European nations, remain neutral. 2. Issues with Neutrality- Maintaining trade status and Ship seizures. • U.S. Positions during the War shift dramatically- 1. Content Neutral Country 2. Country Waging a War for Peace 3. Victorious World Power 4. Alienated, Isolationist Nation

  8. US Dragged into WWI • Submarine warfare – Germans began using submarines against passenger and unarmed ships • Lusitania – British passenger ship carrying 128 Americans • Sussex – unarmed merchant ship, several Americans. • Sussex pledge (1916) – Germans agreed not to sink merchant or passenger ships, lasted the rest of the year. • Germany did not want US to enter war as British ally

  9. US Entry into WWI – Economic • Country focused on the economic rebound caused by supplying European nations during wartime- 100% of all trade centered on the Allied nations • No trade with Germany- British Blockade kept American ships from maintaining any trade • Loans to Allies- provided by American bankers, this provided financial prosperity for the U.S. while helping the Allies fund the war.

  10. War Debate • British War Propaganda – news sent from Britain that told only atrocities committed by German soldiers. • Lusitania crisis - certain Americans felt US should enter the war • National Defense Act (preparedness) – Wilson asked congress to expand armed forces. This caused tremendous controversy as it was seen as a step toward war. • Opposition to preparedness- felt by many Americans (Progressives, Populist and Socialist- Jane Addams) • Election of 1916- Wilson campaign based on maintaining peace

  11. Decision for War • (Jan 1917) Unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany resumes knowing it can bring the U.S. into the war but believed they could win the war if they cut off supplies to the Allies. • (Mar 1 1917) Zimmerman Telegram – Germany tried to ally itself with Mexico, pledged to help them recover lost territories (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) • (Mar 1917) Germans sank 5 US merchant ships • (Apr 1917) Declaration of war against Germany

  12. Russia Gets Out • Russian Revolution 1917- Two revolutions break out this year as the people and soldiers in the army are starving and tired of fighting. • March Revolution- The 1st revolution was a democratic one against the Czar, but they make a fatal mistake and decided to remain in the war. • Bolshevik Revolution- Three months later a Communist revolution takes place led by Lenin, they withdraw Russia from the war. 1. Communism- economic, political system, single- party government, ruled by dictator, no private property

  13. Domestic Impact of War • Selective Service Act (draft)– Random selection process so that all groups would be called into service • Espionage and Sedition Act – 20 year prison sentence for inciting rebellion in the armed forces or obstructing the draft. Sedition centered on anyone making disloyal or abusive remarks about the U.S. government • Eugene Debs Socialist Party leader - jailed in Atlanta for violating the Espionage and Sedition Act. • Women at work – 1st time ever • Daylight Savings Time- designed to save fuel • Migration of workers – Mexicans and African-Americans took advantage of the open jobs in the north

  14. End of WWI • Final Showdown- In 1918 Germany launched a huge offensive to try and break the stalemate but with American troops the allies stop the attack. • Armistice- Signed in November 11, 1918 Germany still hasn’t lost the people are tired of fighting, they revolt and overthrow the government and sign for peace. • Treaty of Versailles- officially ends the war

  15. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Recognition of freedom of the seas • End the practice of making secret treaties • Reduce national armaments • Impartial adjustment of colonial claims • Self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian empire • General body made up of all nations to guarantee political independence and territorial integrity to all (The League of Nations)

  16. Treaty of Versailles • Big Four- Italy, France and Great Britain can’t wait to get Germany, U.S. wants to shape a long lasting peace. • Germany Destroyed- 1. Colonies- stripped from Germany 2. Disarmament- Lost its army and navy 3. War Guilt and Reparations- Germany was forced to accept responsibility for the war and pay France and Great Britain a huge sum of money. 4. This treatment will lead to a bitter and angry Germany and pave the way for the rise of Adolph Hitler. • League of Nations- An international peacekeeping organization, each member is suppose to be ready to protect the territorial integrity of each other. NO POWER/WASTE

  17. Senate Decisions change the U.S. • Senators objected to The League of Nations (Treaty of Versailles) • Might interfere with US Sovereignty • May cause European nations to interfere with the Western Hemisphere • Treaty voted on and defeated twice • Never voted to join The League of Nations, made the league weak without the most powerful country.

  18. Key Problems After WWI • Current National Pulse - Unhappy with peace process, growing fears, Communist takeover in Russia, and labor unrest at home • Red Scare – In 1919 Anti-German feelings turned into hysteria about Communism • Fueled by threats of riots, that never took place • Ended quickly • Isolationism- pulling away from world affairs becomes popular • Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born people sweeps nation

  19. Immigrant Restriction • The Quota System- sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country. • 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600% • sharply reduces European immigration • 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890 • Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans • Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan • Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter

  20. Additional Problems After WWI • Men return from the war, take back jobs from women and African- Americans • Business boom fell flat – no need for high production after the war • Farmers suffered with falling prices, no longer shipping food to Europe • Inflation caused by short consumer buying sprees • 1921 – Recession hit, 10% unemployment rate

  21. The 1920’s – A New Era • President Harding- not spectacular, he is a return to pre-Roosevelt Republican politics • Harding Cabinet- he appoints a group of great men to help guide his presidency. 1. Ohio Gang- friends of Harding who are appointed to positions, they are corrupt. 2. Teapot Dome- the Ohio Gang was caught by Congress accepting bribes and kickbacks for oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. 3. Death- Harding dies suddenly of a heart attack during the summer 0f 1923, never implemented in the scandals.

  22. The 1920’s - Business “The Business of America is Business” • President Coolidge- President from 1923-1928. 1. Coolidge favors little government interference with businesses, this encourages a flourishing economy • Consumer goods- fuel the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soars. • Lengthy period of prosperity (1922 – 1928) ends in disaster

  23. Causes of Business Prosperity • Increased productivity – improved processes for mass production (Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management) • Energy technology – increased use of oil and electricity more than 300% to power factories and homes • Government policy – tax cuts offered to businesses, no enforcement of antitrust laws • Income of middle class and working class increased – more money for goods

  24. Impact of the Automobile • Henry Ford- The “Father of Mass Production” 1. Assembly Line- Parts flow down a conveyer belt, each part a small section of a greater machine 2. Division of Labor- Each person on an assembly line does one job repeatedly until a machine is put together. 3. Mass Production- Assembly Line allows for high production of goods at a cheap cost. 4. Model T- millions are made and sold in America cheaply by Ford

  25. Impact of the Automobile • Key: Replaced railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth • Influenced the success of several industries - steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highway construction, motels, gas stations and shopping centers. • Affected everything people did - shopping, leisure travel, commuting to work, dating, by 1920 1 out of 5 Americans had a car • Created new problems - traffic jams, injuries, death, need for roads, urban sprawl

  26. The 1920’s – A New Era Changing Ways of Life • The Prohibition Experiment • 18th Amendment launches Prohibition era • supported by religious groups, rural South, West • Prohibition-production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal • Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law • Speakeasies- hidden bars and nightclubs become fashionable • Bootleggers- smuggle alcohol from surrounding countries

  27. Effect of Prohibition • Organized Crime • Prohibition contributes to organized crime in major cities • Al Capone controls Chicago liquor business by killing competitors- The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre • By mid-1920s, only 19% support Prohibition • 21st Amendment overturns the 18th in 1933

  28. Creationism vs. Evolution • The Scopes “Monkey” Trial- In 1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach evolution • American Civil Liberties Union- backs John T. Scopes challenge of law • Clarence Darrow- most famous trial lawyer of day, defends Scopes • Prosecutor- William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor 1. Fundamentalist- believe in the literal interpretation of the Bible, reject the theory of evolution • Scopes trial- debates evolution, role of science, religion in school national sensation; thousands attend 1. Scopes found guilty, the law is overturned in 1968

  29. The Twenties Woman -Young Women Change the Rules The Flapper The Double Standard • Flapper—emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, attitudes • Many young women want equal status with men, become assertive • Middle-class men, women begin to see marriage as equal partnership • - housework, child-rearing still woman’s job • Elders disapprove new behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads • Casual dating begins to replace formal courtship • Women subject to double standard (less sexual freedom than men)

  30. Education and Popular Culture • Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy • 1920s, mass-market magazines thrive; Reader’s Digest, Time founded • Radio is most powerful communications medium of 1920s • Networks provide shared national experience, can hear news as it happens • People have extra money, leisure time to enjoy it • Crowds attend sports events; athletes glorified by mass media

  31. Harlem Renaissance –A Cultural Expression • Harlem, New York – Largest African American community in the North, famous for artistic talent • Leading poets –Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson wrote the Negro National Anthem, NAACP Civil Rights leader • Langston Hughes – Notable author, poet, and play writers, Theme for English B • Zora Neale Hurston – Extremely influential author, wrote about poor, Southern blacks • Jazz Age – Jazz became popular during this era white teens like it as a rebellious act, African Americans enjoyed the music Key Jazz Artists – Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong Langston Hughes 1902 - 1967

  32. Is the Prosperity Superficial? • Almost 40% of Americans lived in poverty range • Income gap between managers and workers grew • Iron, railroad industries not prosperous; farms suffer losses • Buying goods on credit • Installment plan—pay for goods over extended period with interest • Some economists, business owners think installment buying excessive

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