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Fish Medicine

Fish Medicine . BIOLOGY. At 31,500 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other class of vertebrates. Three Classes of Fish. Agnathan : Jawless fish, *Hagfish, Lamprey Chondrichthyes : Cartilaginous Fish *Sharks, Rays, Skates Osteichthyes : Bony Fish

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Fish Medicine

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  1. Fish Medicine

  2. BIOLOGY At 31,500 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other class of vertebrates.

  3. Three Classes of Fish • Agnathan: Jawless fish, *Hagfish, Lamprey • Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fish *Sharks, Rays, Skates • Osteichthyes: Bony Fish * clownfish, Eel, Trout, Marlin

  4. Osteichthyes: Bony Fish Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordate Subphylum: Vertebrate Class: Osteichthyes • Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically Ectotherms (cold-blooded) • Covered with scales • Has a gill cover called an OPERCULUM • Minimal Protective Mucus, nonselective defense against bacteria • Multiple sets of paired fins and unpaired fins

  5. TaxonomyTeleosts = bony fish • soft rayed teleosts • spiney rayed teleosts

  6. External Fish Anatomy

  7. Fish Anatomy 6 2. 1. 3. 8. 7. 4. 5.

  8. Herbivore-Carnivore Comparison

  9. Functions of the Gill • Gill Functions • When water is passed over the gills, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide and ammonium is exhaled. • 75% of the ammonia excreted by the fish is through the gills. • The gills also help the fish osmoregulate, (equalize body pressures). • They are covered by a bony flap known as the operculum. • Each gill consists of a bone arch with filaments extending at right angles to the arch. • Lamellae are the tiny branches on the filaments. • Healthy gills are bright red and do not stick together.

  10. Fish Gill Anatomy

  11. Fish Gill Anatomy

  12. Gill Filaments Lamellae Fish Gill Anatomy

  13. Fish Anatomy

  14. Fins • supported by rays • two types of rays • soft • spines

  15. Fin Identification • unpaired fins • dorsal • caudal • anal • paired fins • pectoral • pelvic

  16. Skin • epidermis • mucous glands • alarm cells • cuticle • dermis • scales • hypodermis

  17. Scales Ctenoid scales Ganoid scales • Placoid scales, also called dermal denticles, are similar to teeth in that they are made of dentin covered by enamel. They are typical of sharks and rays. • Ganoid scales are flat, basal-looking scales that cover a fish body with little overlapping. They are typical of gar and bichirs. • Cycloid scales are small oval-shaped scales with growth rings. Bowfin and remora have cycloid scales. • Ctenoid scales are similar to the cycloid scales, with growth rings. They are distinguished by spines that cover one edge. Halibut have this type of scale. Cycloid scales Placoid scales

  18. Lateral line • sensory system • a line of pores lead to mechanoreceptors • environmental information • pressure, currents, sound

  19. Color • cells • chromatophores • pigments • iridophores • reflective substances • control • endocrine system • nervous system

  20. Respiratory system • lungs • gills • bilateral • operculum

  21. Gill structure • gill arches • primary lamellae (filaments) • secondary lamellae

  22. Cardiovascular system • 2 chamber heart • atrium • ventricle • sinus venosus • bulbusarteriosus The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body

  23. Circulation • venous blood to heart • hepatic portal system • renal portal system • heart to gills • via ventral aorta • gills to body • via dorsal aorta

  24. Red blood cells • elliptical and nucleated • no bone marrow • main source • head kidney

  25. White blood cells • Similar to mammalian • no lymph nodes • lymphocytes > (granulocyte) neutrophils monocytes • thrombocyte • lymphoid tissues • thymus • head kidney • spleen

  26. Excretory system • gills • kidneys • anterior kidney • posterior kidney

  27. Osmoregulation(is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content) • electrolyte balance • freshwater vssaltwater

  28. Osmoregulation • freshwater fish • water diffuses in • ions diffuse out • drink little • lots of dilute urine • actively reabsorb ions • kidneys • gills • saltwater fish • water diffuses out • ions diffuse in • drink a lot • concentrated urine • actively excrete ions • kidneys • gills • gut

  29. Swim bladder • Two types • physoclistic • capillary network • physostomatous • pneumatic duct • functions • buoyancy • sound, pressure detection

  30. Digestive system • Stomach • intestine • pyloric • middle • rectal • spiral colon • pyloric cecae • liver • pancreas

  31. Nutrition • Species variation • food • feeding behavior • time • location • obtaining food • general fish nutrition • protein and lipids > carbohydrates

  32. Neuroendocrine system • brain • forebrain • olfactory bulbs • midbrain • optic lobes • cerebellum • spinal cord

  33. Electrical system • electric organs • electroreceptors • examples • electric eel • electric catfish • electric ray Electric eel anatomy: The first detail shows stacks of electrocytes, cells linked in series (to build up voltage) and parallel (to build up current). Second detail shows an individual cell with ion channels and pumps penetratimng the membrance Credit: Daniel Zukowski, Yale University

  34. Biolumination • self -luminous • photophores • Luciferase

  35. Breeding • females and males • hermaphrodites

  36. Reproductive system • female • ovaries • oviduct • no uterus • male • testes

  37. Fertilization • External fertilization • open-spawners • substrates • Internal fertilization

  38. Gestation • oviparous • ovoviviparous • viviparous Gestation periods vary from 28 to 114 days. Most of the live-bearing species sold for aquariums such as Mollies, Platies, guppies and Swordtails typically gestate for about 28 to 34 days

  39. WATER QUALITY And Husbandry

  40. Husbandry Practices • Briefly describe housing, feeding, etc. (refer to specific laboratory standard operating procedures) • Exhibits • Disposition of alive and dead animals

  41. Water environments • freshwater • brackish water • saltwater

  42. Freshwater system • specific gravity: 1.00 • Brackish system • specific gravity 1.01 • Saltwater system • specific gravity: 1.02

  43. Bioload (is the nitrogen processing demand placed upon the material, chemical and biological filters by uneaten food, decomposing inhabitants, accumulated organics and waste produced by livestock, foods and plant matter in the aquarium filtration system) • Nonaerated freshwater • 1 inch fish/ gallon • aerated freshwater • 3 inches fish/ gallon • saltwater • 0.5 inches fish/ gallon • excluding tail fin

  44. Ammonia • Nitrogenous • fish waste product • toxic

  45. Nitrification • BacteriaBacteria • (Nitrosomas)(Nitrobacter) • ammonia nitrite nitrate

  46. Conditioning a new tank • seeding bacteria • limited population • time

  47. PH • ranges • freshwater: 7.0-7.6 • brackish: 7.0-7.6 • saltwater: 8.1-8.3

  48. Decreased PH • effects • inhibits Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter • direct health problems for fish • control • check bioload • remove waste • calcium rich substrate • sodium bicarbonate • temporary

  49. Increased PH • effects • ammonia is more toxic • nonionized • direct health problems for fish • control • check substrates for calcium rich ones • peat moss • acetic acid • temporary

  50. Oxygen • water:0.7% dissolved oxygen • oxygen solubility decreases as: • temperature increases • salinity increases • low oxygen effects: • respiratory distress in fish • inhibits Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter

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