U.S. Foreign Policy During The Cold War Presented by Dr. Shannon L. Blanton The University of Memphis

1. U.S. Foreign Policy During The Cold WarPresented by Dr. Shannon L. BlantonThe University of Memphis

2. Origins of the Cold War Conflict of Interests Ideological Incompatibilities �There is too much difference in the ideologies of the U.S. and Russia to work out a long term program of cooperation.� James F. Byrnes, Secretary of State �As long as capitalism and socialism exist, we cannot live in peace; in the end, either one or the other will triumph.� V.I. Lenin Psychological Factors

3. Mirror Images The Soviet Image of the U.S. They (the rulers) are bad. The Wall Street bankers, politicians, and militarists want a war because they fear loss of wealth and power in a communist revolution. They are surrounding us with military bases. The American Image of the USSR They (the rulers) are bad. The men in the Kremlin are aggressive, power-seeking, brutal, in suppressing Hungary, ruthless in dealing with their people. They are infiltrating the western hemisphere to attack us.

4. Mirror Images The Soviet Image of the U.S. They send spies (U-2 planes) to destroy the workers� fatherland. They are like the Nazis-rearming the Germans against us. They are imperialistic. The capitalist nations dominate colonial areas, keep them in submission. The American Image of the USSR They engage in espionage and sabotage to wreck our country. They are like the Nazis-an aggressive expansionist dictatorship. They are imperialistic. The communists want to dominate the world.

5. Mirror Images The Soviet Image of the U.S. The Latin American regimes (except Cuba) are puppets of the USA They exploit their own people. All capitalists live in luxury by exploiting workers who suffer insecurity, unemployment etc They are against democracy. Democratic forms are mere pretense; people can vote only for capitalist candidates. The American Image of the USSR They rigidly control the satellite puppet governments. They exploit their own people. They hold down consumer goods, keep standards of living low except for communist bureaucrats. They are against democracy. Democratic forms are a mere pretense; people can vote only for communist candidates.

6. Evolution of the Cold War Cold War Confrontation 1947-1962 Thawing of the Cold War 1962-1969 Redefinition of Cold War 1969-1977 Last Gasp of the Cold War 1977-1985 The End of the Cold War 1985-1989/91

7. Cold War Confrontation 1947-1962 Joseph Stalin need to prepare for an inevitable conflict with capitalist powers George Kennan � �X�, 1947, Foreign Affairs Soviet insecurity would lead to aggressive foreign policy; U.S. foreign policy needed to be one of containment.

8. Cold War Confrontation Truman Doctrine- �it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.� Containment The spread of communism undermines �The foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.� -- Harry S Truman

9. Criticism of Containment Global containment would be costly for the U.S. Containment would militarize U.S. foreign policy Containment would lead the U.S. to support any regime that professed anticommunism � no mater how distasteful it might be. --Walter Lippmann

10. Confirmation for Containment? When USSR moved into portions of eastern Europe, American leaders perceived this as confirmation of Soviet goal of world conquest It is possible that Soviet Union had reason to believe that the United States would willingly allow Soviet domination of eastern Europe�

11. Confirmation for Containment? U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes � �The Soviet Union has a right to friendly governments along its borders.� U.S. Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson � spoke of �Monroe Doctrine for eastern Europe.�

12. Cold War Tensions Soviet refusal to withdraw troops from Iran in 1946 Communist coup in Czechoslovakia 1948 Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 The fall of mainland China to communism in 1949 The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950 Reoccurring Taiwan Straits conflict

13. Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy �We must continue to be a military nation if we are to maintain leadership among other nations.� � Harry S. Truman, 1945 �Regardless of the consequences, the nation�s military security will take first priority in my calculations.� �Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953 �Only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they shall never be employed.� � John F. Kennedy, 1961

14. The Communist Threat Communist Threat Video (1952)

15. Bipolarity The United States and its western allies comprised one pole while the Soviet Union and its allies were a second pole. To balance the power alliances were created such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Treaty Organization.

16. Thawing of the Cold War 1962-1969 Vietnam War Arms Race Cuban Missile Crisis Competitive Coexistence Multi-polar system.

17. Redefinition of Cold War 1969-1977/79 D�tente Characterized by establishing a vested interest between the superpowers to cooperate and restrain each other. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

18. Last Gasp of the Cold War 1977/79-1985 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979 US boycott of the 1980 Olympic games in Moscow Soviet destruction of Korean airlines flight 007, 1983 US invasion of Grenada, 1983 Soviet boycott of 1984 Olympic games in Los Angeles Strategic Defense Initiative

19. The End of the Cold War 1985-1989/91 Soviet Union engaged in domestic reform Soviets reduced commitment to third world countries Soviets withdrew troops from Afghanistan Soviets supported US led opposition to Hussein�s invasion of Kuwait Soviets terminated presence and aid to Cuba Soviets liberalized emigration policies and allowed greater political and religious freedom The Berlin Wall was dismantled and the Warsaw Pact ended

20. End of the Cold War Military Containment Ideological Inferiority Economic System Ethnic Division

22. Collapse of Communism:Implications for U.S. Foreign Policy Communism had been the principal justification for: Development of institutions Development of political beliefs Policy of Containment Policy of Intervention Preeminence of Presidential Power