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NS 220 Unit 5 Seminar Vitamins and Health

NS 220 Unit 5 Seminar Vitamins and Health. Brooke Benton MS, RD, LDN, CDE. Overview. Vitamin Supplementation Vitamin deficiency diseases & food fortification Beneficial vitamins for specific populations Vitamin toxicities Multivitamins. Position of American Dietetic Assoc.

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NS 220 Unit 5 Seminar Vitamins and Health

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  1. NS 220Unit 5 SeminarVitamins and Health Brooke Benton MS, RD, LDN, CDE

  2. Overview • Vitamin Supplementation • Vitamin deficiency diseases & food fortification • Beneficial vitamins for specific populations • Vitamin toxicities • Multivitamins

  3. Position of American Dietetic Assoc. • To promote health and reduce risk of chronic disease, choose variety of foods. • Food provides all vitamins you need. • Fortified foods and supplements can help some meet their nutrition needs.

  4. What are vitamins? • Essential organic substances needed daily in very small amounts to perform a specific function • Essential for growth and health - an absence or deficiency of vitamins creates specific disorders • Interact with other vitamins and/or nutrients to enhance absorption • Can function as coenzymes • Help release energy from biological reactions during metabolism but they do not provide energy

  5. Vitamin Types Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble • Vitamin C • B Vitamins: • Folate • B12 • Thiamin • Riboflavin • Niacin • Biotin • Pantothentic Acid • Vitamin A • Vitamin D • Vitamin E • Vitamin K

  6. Water Soluble Vitamins • Water soluble vitamins are lost into cooking water • To prevent this lose: • Use only a small amount of cooking water • Use leftover cooking water to make sauces • Minimize cutting food into pieces • Use the shortest cooking times and with the lid when possible to shorten cooking time

  7. Water Soluble Vitamins • The body does not store excess water soluble vitamins • Excess are excreted in urine • Supplementation does not provide extra benefits if the person is consuming an adequate amount – excess will be excreted • Vitamins deficiencies usually appear only a few weeks later • Vitamins need to be consumed daily

  8. Fat Soluble Vitamins • Not affected by cooking and preparation in water • Can be destroyed by high cooking heat, sun drying, forms of dehydration • Oxidations that accompanies rancidity in fat

  9. Fat Soluble Vitamins • Excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and organs, especially the liver • Can delay deficiency for several months • Need to supplement every other day instead of daily • Not immune to large doses – megadoses are toxic to the body

  10. Vitamin Deficiencies • Vitamin A: may result in xerophthalmia • Vitamin D: rickets and osteomalacia • Vitamin K: deficiency in newborns; made in intestines by good bacteria • Vitamin C: scurvy; delayed wound healing; decrease in iron absorption; capillary bleeding • Thiamin: beriberi; heavy alcohol consumption can lead to poor absorption of thiamin

  11. Dietary Guidelines • Nutrients consumed should come primarily from food. • Beneficial Vitamins for Specific Populations: • Which populations??

  12. Women and Folic Acid • Necessary for all women of childbearing age and women who are pregnant. • Reduces the risk of neural tube defects and Spina Bifida. • Food fortification & food sources (green leafy vegetables) • RDA: 400 mcg (adults/women childbearing age); 600 mcg (pregnancy)

  13. Special Groups & Vitamin D • Fat-soluble; obtain from food and sun • Sun source activated in liver & kidney • Deficiency diseases: Rickets & Osteomalacia • Food sources: fortified milk most reliable source • High risk of deficiency: • Breastfed infants • Older adults • Limited sun exposure • Individuals with dark skin

  14. People >50 & Vitamin B12 • Most adults meeting recommended amounts • Deficiency most likely to occur as a result of an inability to absorb B12 from food. • B12 needs stomach acid & Intrinsic Factor to be absorbed; less gastric secretions over age 50, so decrease in absorption. • Recommend for >50 years old to eat fortified B12 foods or take supplement. • Natural source B12 only in animal foods.

  15. Toxicities • >100% of RDA could be harmful to health for specific vitamins, esp from supplements. • Fat-soluble more risk of toxicity than water-soluble. • Vit. A toxicity more likely from high dosage vit A supplements. • UL’s established.

  16. Multivitamins • NIH Consensus and State-of-the-Science Conference on Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Chronic Disease Prevention (2006) with results indicating: • There is not strong evidence for beneficial health-related effects of supplements. • There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of multivitamin/mineral supplements by the American public to prevent chronic disease. NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Chronic Disease Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:364–371.

  17. Questions???

  18. Let’s Play Vitamin Trivia!

  19. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following vitamins has a requirement based on the amount of carbohydrate in the diet? • Riboflavin • Thiamin • B6 • B12 • Niacin

  20. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following vitamins may be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan? • Riboflavin • Thiamin • B6 • B12 • Niacin

  21. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following vitamins has a deficiency that causes cracked skin around the mouth, inflamed lips, and a sore tongue? • Riboflavin • Thiamin • B6 • B12 • Niacin

  22. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following vitamins helps change one amino acid into another? • Riboflavin • Thiamin • B6 • B12 • Niacin

  23. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following vitamins is a cobalt containing vitamin needed for red blood cell formation? • Riboflavin • Thiamin • B6 • B12 • Niacin

  24. Vitamin Trivia True or False Synthetic vitamins are nutritionally equivalent to naturally occurring vitamins.

  25. Vitamin Trivia True or False Vitamin losses from fruits and vegetables can occur as a result of poor conditions of harvesting and storing.

  26. Vitamin Trivia True or False Natural and synthetic vitamins are used by the body the same way.

  27. Vitamin Trivia True or False Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of blood-clotting factors.

  28. Vitamin Trivia True or False B vitamins serve as co-enzymes in metabolic reactions in the body.

  29. Vitamin Trivia True or False There is no RDA/DRI for Vitamin K because it is produced by the body.

  30. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? These are excreted in urine.

  31. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? These require regular consumption in the diet because storage in the body is minimal.

  32. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? These have deficiencies that are slow to develop.

  33. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? These include the vitamin B complex and vitamin C.

  34. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? The include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

  35. Vitamin Trivia Is the following phrase true of a Water Soluble or Fat Soluble vitamin? These are stored in appreciable amounts in the body.

  36. Vitamin Trivia Which of the following food preparation methods is most likely to cause large losses of vitamins? • Cooking fruits and vegetables whole and unpared • Dicing fruits and vegetables into small pieced • Cutting fruits and vegetables into medium, chunky pieces • Cutting just before serving time

  37. Vitamin Trivia When cooking vegetables to conserve vitamins, which is preferred? • Small amounts of water • Large amounts of water • No water • Addition of baking soda

  38. Vitamin Trivia Which vegetable preparation method tends to conserve the most vitamins? • Boiling • Simmering • Stir-frying • baking

  39. Vitamin Trivia Excessive vitamin intake has: • Not been demonstrated to be beneficial in humans • Been shown to cause toxicity by some vitamins • Been shown to cause increased excretion of the water-soluble vitamins • All of the above

  40. Vitamin Trivia An important role of the water-soluble vitamins is to serve as: • Enzymes • Hormones • Electrolytes • coenzymes

  41. Vitamin Trivia Vitamin/mineral supplements are generally recommended for ______ because they are at higher risk for developing deficiencies? • Infants • Pregnant and lactating women • Strict vegetarians • Persons with malabsorption diseases

  42. Vitamin Trivia One should avoid taking vitamin pills unless especially prescribed by one’s doctor because: • They are too expensive • Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and can build up to toxic levels • Water-soluble vitamins in excess of daily requirements become toxic to the liver • Edema can result from high blood levels of water soluble vitamins

  43. Vitamin Trivia Good food sources of thiamin include all except: • Lean pork, beef, liver • Citrus fruits • Green leafy vegetables • Sunflower and sesame seeds

  44. Reference Hui, Y.H. & Stanfield, P. (2010). Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Self-Instructional Approaches, 5th edition. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers

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