The Progressive Era

1. The Progressive Era American Studies

2. Problems created by the Industrial Revolution • Working conditions: Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, and child labor • Laissez Faire: No regulations on big business • Companies could treat workers how they wanted, could make products how they wanted, etc. • Living conditions: Dirty, crowded, unsanitary, no help for the poor • African Americans: Racism and segregation • Women: Sexism and discrimination

3. The Progressive Movement • Reformers: Urban middle class • Well-educated people who wanted to fix the problems created by the Industrial Revolution • Reduce govt corruption and social inequalities • Promote true democracy where all are protected and represented • Not an organized political party/movement, but change in public opinion or mindset • Reform = change • Progress toward being a better society

4. Practice Question What problem arising from U.S. industrialization did the progressive reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries want the federal government to address? A. use of child labor in the workplace B. unfair taxes on the wealthy C. restrictions on the use of natural resources D. lack of capital for railroad expansion

5. What Progressives Fight For • Progressives fight to reduce the increasing gap between rich and poor • Against child labor • More women enter workforce: stand up for worker’s rights, health and safety • Help for the poor • Conservation: Save the environment • Equal treatment for all classes, races, and genders

6. Views on Laissez-Faire and Big Business • Conservative View: Keep Laissez-Faire; economy should not be regulated by the govt • Business should be free to compete in any way • Ignore problems of Industrialization because there are more benefits for business • Social Darwinism: The rich deserve their money • 14th Amendment: Regulations deprive people of “life, liberty, and property” • Progressive View: End Laissez-faire; economy should be regulated by the govt • Want laws to regulate business’s unfair practices to protect consumers and promote fair treatment for all • Need to solve problems of Industrialization and end suffering

7. Newspaper’s Role in Progressive Movement • Mass Circulation of Newspapers • Newspaper and magazine industry grows with advances in technology • Play a key role in spreading awareness about social and economic issues • Sold for a penny • Yellow Journalism: publish shocking stories of sensation, corruption and scandal to get more readers • Do we have journalists like this today?

9. Newspaper Rivals Joseph Pulitzer: New York World William Randolph Hearst: New York Journal

13. Muckrakers • Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who uncover corruption and abuses in society • In newspapers, magazines, novels, etc. • “Rake up the muck” in society to expose dirty truth below the surface of business and politics • Monthly women’s magazine have long articles on horrible factory conditions and corrupt city officials

14. Ida Tarbell • One of the first women in investigative reporting • McClure Magazine • 1904: Exposes monopolistic methods used by Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company • Contributes to US Supreme Court Case that breaks up the monopoly in 1911

16. Lincoln Steffens • 1904: Published a collection of McClure articles into the book The Shame of the Cities • Uncovers political corruption in the city governments • Taking bribes, embezzling taxes, using force to remove other candidates • Photographer Jacob Riis: • Book “How the Other Half Lives” • Shows the hard life of immigrants in the US

18. Upton Sinclair • Wrote novel The Jungle: exposes the horrors of the Chicago meatpacking industry • No rules/regulations about how to handle meat, sanitation, what can go in the sausage, etc. • Public outcry leads to new laws: • The Meat Inspection Act (1906): Gave US officials the power to check the quality and healthfulness of meats shipped in interstate commerce • Pure Food and Drug Act: • FDA: Food and Drug Administration established to inspect and approve quality food • http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=the+jungle&N=18342&N=18343&N=4294939055

22. Practice Question What was the Muckrakers role during the Progressive movement? A. They were able to work white collar jobs. B. They uncovered and spread the problems created during the Industrial Revolution. C. They used papers to spread the news that the rich should control the government. D. They managed the poor at work .

23. Social Settlement Movement • Terrible living conditions for immigrants in the city • Exposed by photographer Jacob Riis • Encourage efforts to reduce overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in tenements • Many women become experts on problems of urban poverty • Use their knowledge to persuade legislators to enact new laws to protect poor and children

24. Settlement House • Building where women and children could go for help adjusting to life in the US • Hull House run by Jane Addams in Chicago • Women offered classes in English, art, literature and music • Better supervision to keep kids safe and out of work

25. Women’s Rights • Suffrage: the right to vote • Seneca Falls Convention in NY (1848): Women’s suffrage movement begins • First victories for equal rights are on the western frontier states • Men believe women are too emotional, have their husband’s to represent them, shouldn’t have a voice in the govt • Women want their constitutional rights as a citizen in a democracy • Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony • Civil Disobedience: Break a law to protest it because it is unjust

28. Practice Question In 1872, as part of a state by state campaign for women’s suffrage, Susan B. Anthony knowingly and deliberately violated New York state law by casting a ballot in the presidential election. She was tried, found guilty, and ordered to pay a fine. What was the purpose of Susan B. Anthony’s act of civil disobedience? A. to gain support for a particular candidate B. to use propaganda to influence public opinion C. to call attention to a perceived injustice D. to show that unjust laws could not be enforced

29. Iron Jawed Angels Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiZRUoqWKB0 Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fXpob-C5po Part 8: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZwoEn5bNug Part 9: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwcFlhtlfe8 Part 10: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx9iSnmdTZA Part 11: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HAjqFJTz8w

30. Suffragists • They present the amendment to Congress every year for 40 years, but men shoot it down • Progressive Movement supports women’s rights • New Leaders: Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt • Protest using marches and picketing, writing editorials, serving jail time and going on hunger strike • Passed in Congress in 1919, then must be ratified by the states • 1920: 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM&list=PLPzx_JMdsdg1-DhvwhI6mkGdINq5FeH1L&index=4

31. Practice Question

32. Fight for Birth Control Many women suffer and risk their health living in poverty with frequent pregnancies Margaret Sanger: Nurse who believed women should have info on ways to prevent pregnancy 1914: Published magazine and opened first clinic in Brooklyn, NY Launched movement for planned parenthood that gained support in later decades

33. Temperance Movement • Many progressives (mostly women) wanted to fight alcohol abuse • Increases poverty and crime rates • Reformers: Carrie Nation would walk into a saloon and destroy alcohol bottles with an axe • Prohibition:18th Amendment passed in 1919 prohibits sale and manufacture of alcohol (until 1933)

35. Practice Question • Prohibition was a political attempt to regulate • A. Destruction of families caused by alcohol. • B. Low wages due to monopolies and big business. • C. Injuries caused by organized crime. • D. Poverty caused by illegal drugs.

36. The Black Movement • Plessey vs. Ferguson: Segregation is legal • Allows Jim Crow Laws in the South to segregate and discriminate • Progressive Black leaders challenge laws and try to win support from white reformers • Many blacks in the south being lynched by mobs of whites • Lynched: To be hung in public to make a statement • Ida B. Wells: Muckraker who writes about racial injustice and lynching • http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=naacp

41. Practice Question What was the effect of the passage of Jim Crow laws in the United States in the late 19th century? A. Racial segregation was required by law in southern states. B. Native Americans were moved onto reservations. C. Restrictions were placed on business monopolies. D. Women were denied the right to vote in national elections.

42. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) • Former slave turned Progressive pacifist • Many white leaders agree with him about education and training blacks for skilled jobs • Advisor to Teddy Roosevelt • Accepts white supremacy and segregation • Wants economic and educational opportunities, and fair treatment in court

43. W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) • African American scholar and activist • Chief leader: Organizes Niagara Movement to focus on publicizing and protesting acts of injustice against African Americans • Criticizes Booker T. and does not accept inferiority; wants total equality • Conservative view vs. Radical view • Extreme Radical: Marcus Garvey leads “back to Africa” movement for black independence

44. NAACP • 1909: Dubois’ movement helps found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Jane Addams was also one of the founders • Fights for civil rights: Raise awareness through media, fight against laws in court • 1915-1917: Supreme Court: • Desegregates housing • Allows blacks on juries • Run for office in party primaries

45. Practice Question What was one perspective of African-Americans that was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? A. the hope of encouraging widespread emigration to Africa B. the belief that racial segregation was justified in all circumstances C. the goal of forming a new political party to represent African-Americans D. the desire to bring about legal and social equality for African-Americans

46. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) • President after the death of McKinley at World’s fair • Square Deal: Teddy’s campaign promises fair treatment for all groups in the US • Poor and rich, laborers and big business, etc. • Works for reform of Laissez-faire system • The Presidents: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTqUKRJk7dQ

47. Before Roosevelt • Laissez Faire: Govt keeps their hands off the economy and big business • Stewardship Theory: New idea that presidents had an obligation to guide the nation’s economic and political affairs to create better conditions for the majority • Previous presidents had intervened on the behalf of big business instead of the people • Teddy wants regulation to help the people • Brought 44 anti-trust cases to court

48. Teddy Trust Buster

49. Practice Question As a result of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressive reformers sought government regulation of business in order to A. control economic cycles of inflation and recession. B. provide money for public services such as schools and libraries. C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts. D. prevent companies from moving their factories to other countries.

50. Reform Local Government • Progressives focus on issues in urban areas • Problems: Cities controlled by corrupt bosses and political machines • Only provide aid to the poor who will vote for them • Take bribes and charge high taxes • Reform/Solutions: Remove politicians associated with political machines • Reduce cost of govt, lower taxes, end corruption • Provide better city services like transportation, police, etc. • Cleveland and Toledo had very Progressive leaders