The human need to move have not changed over ages

1. The human need to move have not changed over ages • 1 million years ago homo erectus originates in eastern and southern Africa and migrates to north to the Middle East and Asia • Building roads, vehicles and providing accomodatios go back into antiquity • The early explorers, traders and shippers laid the groundwork of travel • Many inventions made travel and exploration possible (wheel, money, sandglass, log line, compass)

2. Early Beginnings THE “MONEY” as a form of exchange 4000 B.C.E • Sumerians invented money, cuneiform writing and the wheel • The world's first metal money was also developed by the Sumerians • People can now pay for transportation and accomodation with money or by barter

3. More about money 640 B.C.E • The ancient kingdom of Lydia (which was in Turkey) created special coins called statersguaranteed to be of an exact weight and purity. • They were made of gold and silver called electrum and stamped with a lion's head.

4. 1000 C.E Chinese started using paper money. The Europeans discovered this by Marco Polo who went to China in 1295 • 1661 C.E Sweden became the first European country to make money made of paper.

5. THE “NEED” TO TRAVEL The Ancient Tourists 1480 B.C.E – Egypt • The first journey ever made is by Queen Hatshepsut to the land of Punt (todays Somalia /east coast of Africa) • Descriptions of this tour are on the walls of Deir el-Bahri at Luxor

6. Starting at 2700 B.C.E Pharaohs started building the well known Step Pyramid of Djoser, the Sphinx, the three great pyramids at Giza and the pyramid complex at Abusir • These outdoor wonders attracted large numbers of people from 1600 to 1200 B.C.E

7. Like the modern day tourists the ancient travellers felt the need to leave evidence of their visits on monuments. • Some painted their names, others scratched their names with stones • A second recognizable trait of ancient tourists was the urge to acquire souvenirs. • 180 B.C.E. Uzalum received this request from son Adad-Abum : “I have never before written to you for something precious… But if you want to be like father to me, get me a fine string full of beads to be worn around the head” Casson, Travel in the Ancient World, p.34

8. Early Roads • The invention of wheel led to the development of wagons drawn by animals • However a vehicle needs a road and there were not many early roads to take wheeled travel

9. 2050 B.C.E • Carriage roads existed • Paving was non-existent until Hittites who paved between their capital and a nearby sanctuary to carry heavy wagons on festal days • Even their wars chariots and light horse drawn carriages rolled on dirt roads

10. 2000-1500 B.C.E • Roads were better on the island of Crete of Minoans 1600-1200 B.C.E • They were better on the Greek peninsula of Mycenaens (Mikanos) 500-400 B.C.E • In Persia all the cities and provinces were connected to the capital Susa by roads 326 B.C.E • Alexander the great found well-developed roads in India

11. 150 B.C.E • Romans started building roads • By the time of Roman Emperor Tajan the Roman roads were almost 81.000km Who travelled? • Military (Assyrians and Romans) • Government officials • Caravans of trade • Romans also travelled to see famous temples in Mediterranean area, particularly the pyramids • They traveled to Greece and Asia Minor for Olympic games, medicinal baths, seaside resorts, festivals…etc The Roman combination of roads, the need for overseeing the empire, wealth, leisure and the desire for travel created a demand for accomodation and other services that represents early forms of tourism.

12. SILK ROAD The so-called "Silk Road" were not only conduits for silk, but for many other products and were also important for cultural and technological transmission by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from China to the Mediterranean Sea.The routes enabled people to transport trade goods, from different parts of the world in China, India, and Asia Minor to the Mediterranean, extending over 8,000 km.

13. Classical World The Lands of Mediterrenean Sea btw 2000 B.C.E– 500 C.E • There is a remarkable evolution in travel for trade, religion,festivals, medical treatment, or education • Begining in 776 B.C.E citizens of city-states in Greece came together every 4 year to honor Zeus through athletic competition-Olympic Games • Greek inns of that time provided only shelter

14. Classical World The Lands of Mediterrenean Sea btw 2000 B.C.E– 500 C.E • Greeks also travelled to the sanctuaries healing Gods especally to Asclepius (the god of medicine, healing and physicians) • In 334 B.C.E almost 700.000 visitors would crowd in Ephesus in a single season to be entertained by acrobats, animals acts, jugglers and magicians…

15. The Early Ships • The Phoenicians were master shipwrights, by 800 B.C.E they had built a network of trading posts around the Mediterranean Sea • They ocassionally carried a few passengers (sea transportation) • Greeks followed the Phoenicians in becoming sea traders. Their merchant ships also carried paying passengers

16. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World • Great Pyramids of Egypt (including Sphinx) • Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Mausoleum at Halicarnassus • Statue of Zeus at Olympia • Collosus of Rhodes in the Harbor at Rhodes • Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in Alexandria, Egypt • Temple Artemis at Ephesus The Great Pyramids of Egyptare the sole remaining wonder.

17. The New 7 Wonders • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New7Wonders_of_the_World

18. Dark Ages Early Middle Ages Europe from the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E to 1000 C.E • Travel around Europe during this period was dangerous. No one associated travel with pleasure • The only major exception in this era are the Crusades. • The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and their Holy Land.

19. People again started to travel by the end of Dark Age. Mainly for pilgrimage around Europe. • In 1388 King Richard II required pilgrims to carry travel permits – a start for modern passport • Innkeeping (accomodation) has almost disappeared during dark ages. • Inns in Spain and Italy provided beds, but i.e. in Germany guests had to share beds • Travellers of social distinction were entertained castles or private houses.

20. Grand Tour • Mainly during 17th and 18th centuries young men from rich families made journeys round the main cities Europe as part of their education. • A grand tour could last from several months to several years • The primary value of the Grand Tour lay in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, and to the aristocratic and fashionable society of the European continent. • It was associated with a standard itinerary • It was commonly undertaken in the company of a knowledgeable guide or tutor. • The tour usually began in Dover, England and crossed the English Channel to Calais in France.

21. Early Travel Agents • 1822 Robert Smart (UK) announced himself as the first steamship agent, he was booking passengers on steamers • 1841 Thomas Cook began running a special excursion train from Leicester to Loughborough (UK) On July 5th Cook’s train carried 570 passengers at a round trip for a price of 1 shilling – first publicly advertised excursion train • 1850 Thomas Bennett set up a business as ‘trip organizer’ and provided individual tourists with itinerary, carriage and travelling kits

22. http://www.thomascook.com/

23. Historic Transportation • Stagecoach Travel • Water Travel • Rail Travel • Automobile and Motor coach Travel • Air Travel Early travel was on foot, by boat or by wheeled carriages…later on we have…

24. Development Phases of Tourism 2Oth Century Rapid increase in travel starting in 1950s: • Post II.WW • Peace environment • War brought social change • War experience widened perspectives • Stimulated desire to travel • Increased leisure time and income • Spread of five-day week - ‘the weekend’ – new unit of free time • From individual and tourism to mass tourism • Other developments • Growth in civil aviation • Post-war aircraft and air crew available • New Boeing jets (1958) – much larger, greater capacity • Growth of chartered flights - cheap packages • Increased car ownership

25. Trends in the 1980s and 1990s • Move towards more flexible holiday formats • Villas, timeshares, self-catering • Move away from mass package holidays (sun, sea and sand) • Move towards more tailor-made holidays • Specialised areas (SIT) • Eco-tourism - environmentally aware tourism • Growth in cultural and activity tourism • Growth in short-break tourism - demise of the two-week summer holiday - postmodern lifestyles

26. Late 90’s and 21st Century • Novelty and specialist tourism • New destinations, ‘man-made’ resorts • Greater segmentation of the market • Internet-savy travellers – Travelwiki’s (Travel 2.0 websites) • The rise of the sustainability issue

27. Developmental Factors Summarized Tourism requires people with: • ABILITY (money and time) • MOBILITY (transport) • MOTIVATION (desire, determination) to travel A history of tourism is a history of thedevelopment of these three factorsin differentsocietalperiods (premodernity/modernity/postmodernity)