WHAT HAPPENED TO THE BORDERS?

1. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE BORDERS? Border Changes In the Middle East Because of World War I By: Emily Kenward Period 9

2. How it All Began • Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of World War I after six hundred years • The empire was divided into Turkey and a number of smaller countries • Ottoman Empire called for a military jihad against Great Britain and France in November 1914 • Ottoman Empire’s WWI allies: Germany and Austria-Hungry • Ottoman Empire’s WWI enemies: Britain, France, Russia, and the United States • British and French wanted to control Middle East oil Ottoman (left) and British (right) flags

3. Background Information • Ottoman/Turkish Empire had 600,000 troops divided into 38 divisions • Weren’t a serious threat to Europe until they became allies with Germany • London took action and sent forces to protect the Anglo-Persian oil pipeline at the beginning of WWI • The pipeline was very important to the British • The title of “winner” kept going back and forth between the two sides as the war dragged on Ottoman/Turkish troops (top) and European troops (left)

4. The Conflict Continues • The British and French tried to capture Constantinople but failed • British, French, Australian and New Zealand forces attacked Gallipoli, Turkey in April 1915 • The Ottoman army stopped them and forced the allies to abandon their position in December 1915 • 205,000 British solders and 47,000 French solders were killed, wounded, or sick • Ottoman Empire had the upper hand during the early part of the war Soldier mourning a fallen comrade Battle map of the battle in Gallipoli, Turkey

5. Ottoman’s failed to capture Gaza British and French had advantages over the Ottoman’s in manpower, artillery, airpower, and self-esteem Germany began to crumble from within Arabs assisted the British and French by attacking Ottoman/Turkish positions British and French captured 75,000 Turkish prisoners while advancing hundreds of miles across the Middle East defeating the Ottomans British troops charging at the enemy (left) Ottoman Empire (top)

6. 4 Years Later... • World War One lasted from 1914-1918 • Final European armies pushed towards the German border on October 17, 1918 • British, French, and American armies advanced causing the alliance between the Central Powers (Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungry Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria) to collapse • Turkey signed an armistice at the end of October • Austria-Hungry followed on November 3 • Peace Treaty was signed in 1919 American newspapers reporting on the end of the war

7. The Aftermath • War ended with British armies in the territory now known as Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon • Ottoman Empire was destroyed • Russia was paralyzed by foreign interference and civil war • Britain had so much military success that it became the leading power in the broken Middle East • The two sides set up a peace conference • Britain and France were ordered by the League of Nations to create new states and make leaders for each place World War I winner’s medal

8. Changing the Middle East Iraq • Issues of conflict for the Iraqi people: history, religion, and geography • Britain grouped Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul together to create the new Iraq • Old Government= self run by kings and dictators • New government= Britain made one of the ally leaders king • He later was overthrown by the Iraqi people who brought Saddam Hussein to power (U.S overthrew him in 2003) • Now= without leader they are close to having a civil war

9. Changing the Middle East Israel • Britain had an agreement with the Jews to give them their own country • Because the Ottomans were defeated the Jews had a greater chance of getting their own land • Arab leaders opposed to creating a Jewish homeland • 1947: United Nations gave the Jews a sliver of land in between the Jordan river and Mediterranean sea • 1967 Six Day War: Israel won and gained control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Jerusalem

10. Changing the Middle East Kuwait • Under the Ottomans as a district of Basra • Gained independence in 1961 • Saddam Hussein invaded in 1990 Syria • Protectorate (a state that is under temporary control by a bigger place) of France • Protected Christian enclaves (a special portion of a territory reserved for a group of people) that the Ottoman Empire set-up

11. Changing the Middle East Lebanon • Gained independence in 1943 • Was involved in a 15 year civil war between the Muslims and Christians • Asked Syria to help control the chaos • Syrian troops came and helped • After the civil war was over they refused to leave until 2005 • They left because people thought that the Syrians assassinated the former Lebanese Prime Minister

12. Effects on the Middle East Political map of the Middle East Jewish, Christian, Buddhist, and Muslim religious symbols A barrel of oil A recruiting poster for the U.S. Army

13. Camel and his keeper in Dubai What’s Going on Today? • Britain and France didn’t care about the cultural differences of the people while making the borders • All they cared about was staying in power as long as they could and where they could find the most oil to make money • Because of this, the Middle East has the most troubled borders in the world • Historians think that if the borders had never changed, there would be peace in the Middle East • Today in the news: different Middle Eastern countries are overthrowing their leaders because they have different views Political cartoon of the conflicts between Israel and Palestine

14. References "The Concept of Jihad in Islam." ReligiousTolerance.org by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 28 Mar. 2003. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_jihad.htm>. "Global Connections . Mapping the Middle East | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 4 Mar. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/nations/lesson1.html>. "Imperial History of the Middle East." Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. Maps of War. Web. 25 Feb. 2011. <http://mapsofwar.com/ind/imperial-history.html>. Peters, Ralph. "Blood Borders - June 2006 - Armed Forces Journal - Military Strategy, Global Defense Strategy." ARMED FORCES JOURNAL. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. <http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/06/1833899>.

15. References Continued Roberts, Sam. "How the Middle East Got That Way." Scholastic/Upfront. The New York Times. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. Serpone, Fernando. "Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan Appear after World War I." Folha Online. 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 Feb. 2011. <http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/mundo/ult94u466301.shtml>. Shuster, Mike. "The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. 20 Aug. 2004. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3860950>. Woodward, Professor David R. "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. BBC, 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml>.

16. The End