Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections

1. Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections Center for Infectious Disease Preparedness University of California, Berkeley Spring 2005, Tuesdays 10:30am-12pm Pictures of DaVinci horses from www2.truman.edu/ ~capter/jins343/vinc.htm Wing picture taken from www.geocities.com/ CollegePark/8265/gall4.htm Pictures of DaVinci horses from www2.truman.edu/ ~capter/jins343/vinc.htm Wing picture taken from www.geocities.com/ CollegePark/8265/gall4.htm

2. Instructors Ben Sun, DVM, MPVM bsun@dhs.ca.gov Gundula Dunne, DVM, MPVM gdunne@dhs.ca.gov Guest Lectures Jason Stull, DVM, MPVM Anne Kjemtrup, DVM, MPVM

3. Goals Importance of Zoonoses in Public Health Ecology and Natural History Prevention and Control

4. Organization 8 Weeks Presentation � Lecture � Questions Disease Coverage Multiple per lecture Examples Focus on animal aspects See references for additional reading

5. Requirements Weekly reading Case Report Paper Oral Presentation

6. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Oral Presentation Given at beginning of class Relevant to the lecture 10-15 minutes Identify disease Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Confidentiality (remove identifiers) Limited number of spaces

7. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Paper DUE MARCH 1 Any zoonotic disease Double spaces, font size 12 No more than 5 pages Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Need a topic? Ask us

8. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Class Schedule Week 1 � Zoonosis Intro & TSE Week 2 � Rabies Week 3 � Classic Zoonoses Week 4 � Bioterrorism Week 5 � Vector-borne Diseases Week 6 � Parasitic Zoonoses Week 7 � Emerging Zoonoses Week 8 � Foodborne Illnesses

9. Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections Lecture 1 January 18, 2005

10. Part I: Introduction to Zoonoses Part II: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

11. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Intro to Zoonoses Definition Importance Etiologies Animal Examples Transmission Routes Life Cycles

12. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses From the Greek: Zoon: Animal Noson: Disease Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959 Many definitions of zoonosis, for the class the WHO definition will be used. Historically zoonoses only referred to animal disease; however, the current use for disease and infections transmitted between animals and man. The term commonly is used to refer to the more specific and scientific terms of zooanthroponoses and anthropozoonoses Many definitions of zoonosis, for the class the WHO definition will be used. Historically zoonoses only referred to animal disease; however, the current use for disease and infections transmitted between animals and man. The term commonly is used to refer to the more specific and scientific terms of zooanthroponoses and anthropozoonoses

13. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses Does NOT include Fish and reptile toxins Allergies to vertebrates Diseases in which animal-derived food serves as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A contaminated deli meat) Experimentally transmitted diseases Also does not include disease where invertebrates are part of the transmission cycle such as malaria.Also does not include disease where invertebrates are part of the transmission cycle such as malaria.

14. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses > 250 zoonotic diseases 60% of US Household have =1 pet Multiple pets in the home Human-animal bond Exotic species as pets 60-80% of all disease are zoonotic and 75% of all emerging diseases are zoonotic. 60% of US household have at least one pet and of those with pets 60% have more than 1.(Results of the AVMA survey on companion animal ownership in US pet-owning households. J. Karl Wise, PhD, CAE, Director; Brent L. Heathcott, CAE, Assistant Director; Martin L. Gonzalez, MS, Research Analyst.) 60-80% of all disease are zoonotic and 75% of all emerging diseases are zoonotic. 60% of US household have at least one pet and of those with pets 60% have more than 1.(Results of the AVMA survey on companion animal ownership in US pet-owning households. J. Karl Wise, PhD, CAE, Director; Brent L. Heathcott, CAE, Assistant Director; Martin L. Gonzalez, MS, Research Analyst.)

15. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Common Diseases Frequency � (CDC, 2003) Salmonella 39,919 Lyme disease 18,991 West Nile (CNS) 2,862 Trichinosis 4

16. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses Spectrum of Disease Severity Death = rabies Severe illness = plague Chronic illness = Q-fever Mild illness = psittacosis

17. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Importance Economics Zoonotic disease are expensive Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis GI illness due to Salmonella or Campylobacter � lost productivity, medical costs Import/Export BSE � restriction on cattle Avian Influenza � restriction on chicken Travel/Globalization Decreased transit time - SARS Remote area accessibility

18. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Information provided by CDC and APHISInformation provided by CDC and APHIS

19. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Importance Surveillance Animals are sentinels Prevention and Control Animal = key component Complications (e.g. Lyme disease) Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola)

20. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification Viral Bacterial Parasitic Mycotic

21. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Viral Examples

22. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples

23. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples

24. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis* Dermatophytosis* Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis

25. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Animal Species Dogs & Cats Rabies Roundworm Ringworm Lyme Disease (dogs only) Cat Scratch Disease (cats only) Food Animals Salmonella E.coli Brucellosis

26. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Animal Species Birds: Psittacosis West Nile Cryptococcus Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians Salmonella Mycobacterium Wild Animals Hantavirus Plague Tularemia

27. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Routes of Transmission Direct Droplet or Aerosol Oral Contact Indirect Foodborne Water-borne Fomite Vector-borne Environmental

28. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses - Life Cycle ORTHOZOONOSES May be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax

29. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle drawn picture from www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/ fur/addition/addskunk.html drawn picture from www.inhs.uiuc.edu/dnr/ fur/addition/addskunk.html

30. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses - Maintenance Cycle CYCLOZOONOSES Requires more than one vertebrate species but no invertebrate host Most are cestodiases (tapeworm diseases) Taenia saginata and T. solium require man to be one of vertebrate hosts Others, such as hydatidosis, man is accidentally involved

32. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses - Life Cycle METAZOONOSES Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission All arboviral infections West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis Some bacterial diseases Plague, many rickettsia Some parasitic diseases Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis

33. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonoses: Metazoonoses Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes Vertebrate Host: Birds Incidental Hosts: HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals This is the natural transmission cycle from Mosquitos to Bird and birds to mosquitos. With �spill over� or incidental host being humans and other animals. This last year WNV has had other mechanisms of transmission including infection of mosquitoes by other vertebrates besides birds. In the past there has been transmission of WNV by tick but there has been no indication of this in the US yet.This is the natural transmission cycle from Mosquitos to Bird and birds to mosquitos. With �spill over� or incidental host being humans and other animals. This last year WNV has had other mechanisms of transmission including infection of mosquitoes by other vertebrates besides birds. In the past there has been transmission of WNV by tick but there has been no indication of this in the US yet.

34. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Risk Factors Companion Animal Dogs & roundworm Rats & Rat Bite Fever Occupational Animal control workers & rabies Wildlife biologists & hantavirus Foodborne Raw meat & E.coli Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria

35. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Risk Factors Recreational Activities Camping & Lyme disease Farm Settings Sheep & Q-fever Cattle & Cryptosporidium Travel Maylasia & Nipha Australia & Hendra

36. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Reportable Diseases of Animals By veterinarian or other individual Reported to CA Department of Health Services Plague Rabies Reportable to the CA Department of Food and Agriculture Anthrax Brucellosis Glanders Listeriosis Rabies in livestock Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis West Nile And more�

39. Dunne - CIDP January 18, 2005 Zoonosis: Take Home Points Transmitted between animals and humans Zoonoses are common Animals part of everyday life Recognize the risk factors

40. Acknowledgements Dr. Bruno Chomel Dr. Ben Sun