Daily Opener 10/17

1. Daily Opener 10/17 • What religion did Muhammad spread? • What is a caliph?

2. Islam Study Guide

3. Why were many people of the Arabian Peninsula nomads? Farmland was scarce, so they became herders who moved from place to place. • What was a main effect of the growth of trade on the Arabian Peninsula? an increasing cultural exchange with people from distant places • Where was the Ka’aba located? in the city of Mecca • Why did Muhammad begin his teaching in the city of Mecca? He was born in Mecca to a powerful family.

4. Where was the Ka’aba located? in the city of Mecca • Why did Muhammad begin his teaching in the city of Mecca? He was born in Mecca to a powerful family. • What is Islam’s main teaching? There is only one God. • Why did Muhammad and his followers migrate to Medina? They were persecuted in Mecca. • What is the name of the five duties that all Muslims must perform? the Five Pillars of Islam

5. Why did Muhammad and his followers migrate to Medina? They were persecuted in Mecca. • What is the name of the five duties that all Muslims must perform? the Five Pillars of Islam • What beliefs do Islam, Judaism, and Christianity share? Abraham was a prophet of God. • Why did Muslims call Jews and Christians “people of the book”? They had sacred writing similar to the Qur’an.

6. What beliefs do Islam, Judaism, and Christianity share? Abraham was a prophet of God. • Why did Muslims call Jews and Christians “people of the book”? They had sacred writing similar to the Qur’an. • How was the first caliph chosen? He was elected by the people • Why did the first caliphs begin a military conquest of other regions? They wanted to spread the religion of Islam.

7. How was the first caliph chosen? He was elected by the people • Why did the first caliphs begin a military conquest of other regions? They wanted to spread the religion of Islam. • Why did many people under Muslim rule convert to Islam? They were attracted to Islam’s message. • Why did the Muslim community split? Some Muslims refused to accept Umayyad rule.

8. Why did many people under Muslim rule convert to Islam? They were attracted to Islam’s message. • Why did the Muslim community split? Some Muslims refused to accept Umayyad rule. • How can the Umayyads best be described? They were worldly rulers who loved luxury. • How did the pilgrimage to Mecca help unify the Muslim Empire? People from all over the empire shared their languages and cultures.

9. How can the Umayyads best be described? They where worldly rulers who loved luxury • How did the pilgrimage to Mecca help unify the Muslim Empire? People from all over the empire shared their languages and cultures. • What happened to the last of the Umayyad leaders? Only one Umayyad leader escaped death and fled to Spain. • Who took control of the empire from the Umayyads? the Abbasids

10. What happened to the last of the Umayyad leaders? Only one Umayyad leader escaped death and fled to Spain. • Who took control of the empire from the Umayyads? the Abbasids • Why was the human form not used in Muslim art? Muslims believed the human form in art distracted people from their faith. • How did the ability to make paper affect the Muslim Empire? Books allowed more people to gain and pass on knowledge, leading to a golden age.

11. Why was the human form not used in Muslim art? Muslims believed the human form in art distracted people from their faith. • How did the ability to make paper affect the Muslim Empire? Books allowed more people to gain and pass on knowledge, leading to a golden age. • How did Omar Khayyam contribute to Muslim Civilization? He was a poet and a mathematician. • What were some of the contributions of Muslim scholars to math during the Abbasid period? Arabic numbering system

12. How did Omar Khayyam contribute to Muslim Civilization? He was a poet and a mathematician. • What were some of the contributions of Muslim scholars to math during the Abbasid period? Arabic numbering system • Why might the Fatimids believe they should be the legitimate caliphs? They claimed to be direct descendants of Muhammad. • How did the caliphs of Córdoba feel towards the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad? They wanted to outshine the glory of Baghdad.

13. Why might the Fatimids believe they should be the legitimate caliphs? They claimed to be direct descendants of Muhammad. • How did the caliphs of Córdoba feel towards the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad? They wanted to outshine the glory of Baghdad. • Why do you think so many scholars came to the city of Córdoba? It was a major cultural center, with many libraries. • What contributed to the decline of al-Andalus? Muslim factions fought for control of al-Andalus.

14. Where is Córdoba located? on the Iberian Peninsula • In which direction would you travel to get from Baghdad to Córdoba? west • What cities might a pilgrim from Córdoba pass through on the way to Mecca? Cairo, Kairouan, Tripoli • Why was the Mediterranean Sea important to the Muslim Empire? It provided a sea route between the eastern and western parts of the empire. • Why might the Christian forces in Europe want to defeat the Umayyads in Spain? Muslims were threatening to move into France.

15. When did the Umayyads take power? 661 • When did Muslim science and medicine flourish? 1000s • When did the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad? 1055 • How long did the Umayyads rule? 89 years • When did the Abbasid dynasty come to an end? 1258