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THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND

THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND. Obj: To understand the consequences of the Crusades by identifying the background & motives that led to them. BACKGROUND. SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO SPAIN 711 RELATIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS & MUSLIMS DETERIORATE AT DEATH OF ABD AL-RAHMAN III 961

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THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND

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  1. THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND

  2. Obj: To understand the consequences of the Crusades by identifying the background & motives that led to them.

  3. BACKGROUND • SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO SPAIN 711 • RELATIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS & MUSLIMS DETERIORATE AT DEATH OF ABD AL-RAHMAN III 961 • N. SPANISH CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS MOVE SOUTH • INCREASED TRADE IN MEDITERRA-NEAN BETWEEN MUSLIMS, BYZ., EUROPEANS • DISINTIGRATION WITHIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE • PROBLEMS BETWEEN ROME & CON-STANTINOPLE

  4. TURKS & ALEXIUS I – BYZANTINES ASK FOR HELPBATTLE OF MANZIKERT 1071 • TURKS MUSLIM CONVERTS • 1071 CHALLENGED BY BYZANTINE EMPEROR • ASKS POPE FOR HELP • POPE AGREES BECAUSE HE HAS ULTERIOR MOTIVES • LIBERATE JERUSALEM FROM INFIDEL • DANGEROUS TIMES IN MIDDLE EAST FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

  5. POPE URBAN II & THE CALL AT CLAREMONT FRANCE • UNION B/W EASTERN & WESTERN CHURCHES HIS GOAL • “TAKE UP WEAPONS AGAINST THE INFIDEL” 1095 FIRST CRUSADE • ABSOLUTION IN ADVANCE FOR ANY AND ALL SINS MAY BE COMMITTED • FORGIVENESS OF PRIOR SINS AND ENTRANCE INTO HEAVEN - INDULGENCE • DEUS VULT – IT IS GOD’S WILL • CRUSADER STATES: EDESSA, ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM & TRIPOLI

  6. 2ND CRUSADE 1144 • FALL OF EDESSA – ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX • RULERS OF FRANCE & GERMANY ENLISTED BY ST. BERNARD • TOTAL FAILURE • ARMIES DIDN’T COORDINATE W/ EACH OTHER, NOT WELL ORGANIZED, NO COOPERATION FROM CRUSADERS LIVING IN LEVANT – FOUND A WAY TO MAKE IT WORK FOR THEM • FAILED PER BERNARD DUE TO LOSS OF GOD’S FAVOR DUE TO HUMAN SINFULNESS

  7. 3RD CRUSADE – FALL OF JERUSALEM 1187 • SALADIN TAKES JERUSALEM • KINGS CRUSADE: BARBAROSSA, RICHARD I OF ENGLAND, PHILIP II AUGUSTUS FRANCE • RESPONSE OVERWHELMING • BARBAROSSA INITIALLY SUCCESSFUL BUT DROWNED AFTER BEING THROWN FROM HIS HORSE & ARMY DETERIORATED • RICHARD & PHILIP SUCCESSES EARLY ALONG COAST BUT INLAND DISASTER STRUCK - POLITICS • RICHARD I NEGOTIATED SETTLE-MENT W/ SALADIN & SAFE & FREE ACCESS FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

  8. 4TH CRUSADE – DEATH OF SALADIN 1193 • SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT III • EGYPT WAS GOAL • ROLE OF VENETIAN TRADERS • ZARA – CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN • CARELESS PREPARATION & INADEQUATE FINANCING • DIVERTED TO CONSTANTINOPLE AT REQUEST OF PATRIARCH • PLUNDERED BY CRUSADERS • CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED 1204, RELICS, ARTIFACTS, ANYTHING THEY COULD GET THEIR HANDS ON WERE STOLEN & BROUGHT BACK TO EUROPE

  9. TETRARCHS – ST. MARKS, VENICE GRIFFIN – PISA CATHEDRAL, PISAHAGIA SOPHIA NOW A MOSQUE, ISTANBUL

  10. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES • REOPENED TRADE BETWEEN EAST & WEST – DID IT EVER REALLY GO AWAY? • GROWTH OF ITALIAN PORT CITIES: VENICE, GENOA, PISA • SANCTIFICATION OF VIOLENCE • VISIBLE RELICS IN LEVANT ARE CASTLE RUINS • UNIFICATION OF EASTERN ORTHODOX & ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCES NEVER REALIZED • 1ST WIDESPREAD ATTACK ON JEWS EVEN AFTER POPE TOLD CRUSADERS THEY WERE TO BE LEFT ALONE

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