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Chapter 11 – Section 1 Mrs. Hawthorne. Much of the information and images used to create this PowerPoint were acquired from www.mrdonn.org. CLICK ON THE CONTINENT WHERE YOU THINK GREECE IS!. TRY AGAIN. EUROPE. CORRECT!. This is Greece. Click on Greece.
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Chapter 11 – Section 1 Mrs. Hawthorne Much of the information and images used to create this PowerPoint were acquired from www.mrdonn.org.
EUROPE CORRECT! This is Greece Click on Greece
TO BE A CITIZEN OF A CITY-STATE: The ancient Greeks referred to themselves as citizens of their individual city-states. Each city-state (polis) had its own personality, goals, laws and customs. Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their city-state. If you asked an ancient Greek where he was from, he would not say, "I live in Greece." If he was from Sparta, he would say, "I am a Spartan." If he lived in Athens, he would say, "I am Athenian." Argos Black Sea Athens Corinth Sparta Mediterranean Sea Megara The city-states might band together to fight a common foe. But they also went to war with each other. Greece was not yet one country. Ancient Greece was a collection of Greek city-states. There was no central government in ancient Greece. Each city-state had its own form of government. Some city-states, like Corinth, were ruled by kings. Some, like Sparta, were ruled by a small group of men. Others, like Athens, experimented with new forms of government.
Athenians thought of themselves as the shining star of the Greek city-states. They were famed for their literature, poetry, drama, theatre, schools, buildings, and government. • The Greeks believed that each city-state in ancient Greece had a god or a goddess in charge of it, their special patron. For Athens, the patron was Athena, goddess of wisdom. Perhaps because Athena was their patron, Athenians put a great deal of emphasis on education. Athens • Girls learned at home from their mothers. They learned how to run a home, and how to be good wives and mothers. • Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at home by their mothers. From 7-14, boys attended a day school outside the home. After middle school, they went to a four year high school and learned more about math, science, and government. At 18, they attended two years of military school. ATHENA • Democracy was first documented in ancient Greece, especially in the city of Athens. The form of democracy practiced in Athens was not the same as democracy in the United States today. goddess of Wisdom
The people were an oligarchy. (ruled by a small group of warriors.) • The goal of Spartan education was to create a strong warrior. Boys were taken away from their parents at age 7. They lived a harsh and often brutal life in the soldiers barracks. • Some children grew up to warriors. Others became members of the Spartan secret police. Their job was to spy on people, especially slaves. If they found a slave who showed any signs of leadership, their job was to kill that slave immediately. • As adults, men did not live with their families. They visited their families, but men lived in soldiers barracks. • Women, unlike women in the rest of Greek world, had a great deal of freedom. Girls were educated to be fighters. Some women became warriors. Many ran businesses. They were free to move about. ARES god of War Sparta
Corinth • As a coastal city-state, Corinth had a glorious history as a cultural and trade center. Corinth was a monarchy. The people were ruled by a king. The king had many advisors. Together, Corinth's government solved many problems that face cities today. • For example, Corinth had a problem with unemployment. To solve this, they created a huge and successful public works program. This gave people work, like building new aqueducts, while solving other city problems, such as the need for an additional source of drinking water. • Corinthians were very good with money. • Although Corinth's schools were not as fine, perhaps, as those of Athens, their boys were educated in the arts and the sciences. As a child, boys and girls were taught at home. From age 7-14, boys attended a nearby day school. Boys attended a higher school if their parents could afford it. All boys went to military school for at least two years. Apollo god of Music and Light
TYPE OF GOVERNMENT: Oligarchymeans the rule of the few, and those few are generally the people who are richer and more powerful than the others. Megara As a coastal city-state, their history was similar to Corinth's, their neighbor. Boys were trained in the arts and the sciences. As a child, girls and boys were taught at home by their mother or by a male slave. From age 7-14, boys attended a day school near their home. Boys then attended a higher school, and went on to military school for at least two years. Like Athens, Megara offered its citizens a great deal of freedom. Like nearly all Greek city-states, Megara had beautiful temples, gorgeous statues, and open-air theatres. They were famous for their glorious textiles (cloth), which were the envy of other Greek city-states. As a coastal town, Megara did a great deal of trading. They were also explorers. Like all Greeks, they loved to establish new towns. The city-state of Megara founded the city of Byzantium, also called Constantinople, now called Istanbul, way back in 630 BCE. POSEIDON god of the Sea
The ancient city-state of Argos had a nearby harbor, for trade and commerce. But Argos was located on a plain. The weather was hot and dry in the summer, and cold and wet in the winter. The soil was not especially fertile. The people of Argos had to fight to grow food. This they did, quite successfully. They did many things successfully. Argos • Many scholars credit Argos with the invention of coinage in ancient Greece, an invention that made trade much easier. • Argos was actively involved in the arts. Their magnificent stone sculptures of athletes, rippling with stone muscles, were the envy of many a Greek city-state. Argos was famous for their wonderful musicians and poets. Drama reached new heights in their polis (city-state). • Boys and Girls were educated separately • Their government was a monarchy. Hera goddess of Women and Marriage
FAMILY Click on each member of the family to discover their role in Greek daily life.
MEN Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of their time away from home. When not involved in politics, the men spent time in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in manufacturing or in trade. For fun, in addition to drinking parties, the men enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and the famous Olympic Games. When the men entertained their male friends, at the popular drinking parties, their wives and daughters were not allowed to attend. FAMILY
With the exception of ancient Sparta, Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. If they had their husband's permission to do so, they could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time. In their home, Greek women were in charge! Their job was to run the house and to have children. Most Greek women did not do housework themselves. Most Greek households had slaves. Female slaves cooked, cleaned, and worked in the fields. Male slaves watched the door, to make sure no one came in when the man of the house was away, except for female neighbors, and acted as tutors to the young male children. Wives and daughters were not allowed to watch the Olympic Games as the participants in the games did not wear clothes. Chariot racing was the only game women could win, and only then if they owned the horse. If that horse won, they received the prize. Women FAMILY
GREEK BABIES: The ancient Greeks considered their children to be "youths" until they reached the age of 30! When a child was born to ancient Greek family, a naked father carried his child, in a ritual dance, around the household. Friends and relatives sent gifts. The family decorated the doorway of their home with a wreath of olives (for a boy) or a wreath of wool (for a girl). GREEK GIRLS: In Athens, as in most Greek city-states, with the exception of Sparta, girls stayed at home until they were married. Like their mother, they could attend certain festivals, funerals, and visit neighbors for brief periods of time. Their job was to help their mother, and to help in the fields, if necessary. KIDS GREEK BOYS: In most Greek city-states, when young, the boys stayed at home, helping in the fields, sailing, and fishing. At age 6 or 7, they went to school. FAMILY
Slaves were very important to the ancient Greek way of life. • Slaves… • Cleaned • Cooked • worked in the fields, factories, shops, in the mines, and on ships. • Even the police force in ancient Athens was made up of slaves! • Slaves could NOT… • go to school • enter politics • use their own name. They were given a name by the citizen who owned them. • They were the property of their owner, not citizens of ancient Greece. • People became slaves in many ways. • captured in battle • children of slaves • Abandoned Greek infants • children were sold into slavery by poor families some children were kidnapped. Slave FAMILY
FAMILY Birds, dogs, goats, tortoises, and mice were all popular pets! Cats, however, were not! PETS
Greek houses were made up of two or three rooms, built around an open air courtyard, built of stone, wood, or clay bricks. • Larger homes might also have a kitchen, a room for bathing, a men's dining room, and perhaps a woman's sitting area. Although the Greek women were allowed to leave their homes for only short periods of time, they could enjoy the open air, in the privacy of their courtyard. HOME SWEET HOME Much of ancient Greek family life centered around the courtyard. • The ancient Greeks loved stories and fables. One favorite family activity was to gather in the courtyard to hear these stories, told by the mother or father. • Most meals were enjoyed in the courtyard. Greek cooking equipment was small and light and could easily be set up there.
FOOD Along the coastline, the soil was not very fertile, but the ancient Greeks used systems of irrigation and crop rotation to help solve that problem. They grew olives, grapes, and figs. They kept goats, for milk and cheese. In the plains, where the soil was more rich, they also grew wheat to make bread. Fish, seafood, and home-made wine were very popular food items. In some of the larger Greek city-states, meat could be purchased in cook shops. Meat was rarely eaten, and was used mostly for religious sacrifices.
Greek clothing was very simple. Men and women wore linen in the summer and wool in the winter. • Most families made their own clothes, which were simple tunics and warm cloaks, made of linen or wool, dyed a bright color, or bleached white. • Clothes were made by the mother, her daughters, and female slaves. They were often decorated to represent the city-state in which they lived. The ancient Greeks were very proud of their home city-state. • Now and then, they might buy jewelry from a traveling peddler, hairpins, rings, and earrings, but only the rich could afford much jewelry. • Both men and women in ancient Athens, and in most of the other city-states, used perfume, made by boiling flowers and herbs.
The ancient Greeks invented three types of columns. The Doric style is the most simple. It is pictured below on the left. The Ionic design is pictured in the middle. The Corinthian style is pictured below on the right. If you lived in any city-state in ancient Greece, even in Sparta, you would see all three designs all over town. These column designs are used today on buildings all over the world. DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN
The Olympic Oath "In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honors of our teams."(This is an Olympic Oath from the 1920 Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium) LET THE GAMES BEGIN!
