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Knowledge Migration and Academic Mobility

Learn about skilled migration, academic mobility, and cosmopolitanism in the global context. Explore economic demands, critical skills, Erasmus program, and research findings on academic migration.

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Knowledge Migration and Academic Mobility

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  1. KNOWLEDGE MIGRATION AND ACADEMIC MOBILITY Dr. Liudmila Kirpitchenko Monash University

  2. Skill Migration • From the mid-1990s. emphasis on highly skilled migration • Skilled migrants now comprise the single largest group of permanent migrants • Over two skilled visas are granted for every family visa granted Permanent Non-Humanitarian Visa Grants(a): 1995-96 to 2007-08

  3. Skill Selection • Highly skilled selection immigration programs in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, others • General Skilled Migration Points Test: • Age • English language ability • Qualifications • Work experience • Nominations or sponsorships • Nominated skilled occupation

  4. Economic Demands • Over 60 Skilled Visa Subclasses: • Skilled Independent • Skilled Australian Sponsored/ State and Territory Sponsored • Employer Sponsored • Business Skills and • Distinguished Talents

  5. Critical Skills • The Migration Occupations in Demand List (>100): • Managers and Administrators (2) • Professionals (53) • Associate Professionals (2) • Trade Persons (49) • Critical Skills List of Professional Occupations (>40): • Engineers • Emergency Medical Specialist • Pharmacists • Pathologist • Registered Nurses • Surveyors

  6. Knowledge Migration • Diverse Mobilities: • hyper-mobility • circular migration • return migration • shuttle migration, etc. • Potential for knowledge exchange and creation of new cultural knowledge • Interactions of different ethnic identities, cultural patterns and academic traditions • Role of culturein social interactions and cultural integration

  7. Academic Mobility • Education and training are essential to the development of today's knowledge society and economy • International Academic Mobility of students and academic staff for professional career purposes • The Lifelong Learning Programmes: • Comenius for schools • Erasmus for higher education • Leonardo da Vinci for vocational education and training • Grundtvig for adult education

  8. Erasmus EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students • Started in 1987 - 25th anniversary in 2012 • Each year, more than 230 000 students study abroad • Total 3 million students • Over 4 000 higher education institutions in 33 countries http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/erasmus_en.htm

  9. Erasmus and the World • Erasmus Mundus • Scholarships and academic co-operation between Europe and the rest of the world • Tempus • Modernizing higher education in EU neighbors • Established in 1990, now covers 27 countries

  10. Erasmus Students Outgoing Erasmus Students from Italy: 2000/01 - 2009/10 Outgoing Erasmus Students from the Top Four Sending European countries: 2009/10 Source: EC, 2011a

  11. Erasmus in Australia In Australia, since 2004, over 90 Australian students were awarded scholarships

  12. Research on Academic Mobility • Research on academic mobility is in its nascent state worldwide • Inaugural conference in Finland in 2006 • Differences in academic expectations among non-local students and staff • Differences in modes of academic writing • Critical reading • Academic interpersonal relations • Educational prerequisites for success in academic intercultural dialogue • Best practices of intercultural dialogue in academia internationally • “Mobility without education is nothing but ruin to the soul” • Second academic mobility conference in Estonia in 2009 • Third international conference on academic mobility and migration in KL in 2012 • Mobility and migration often go hand in hand • Extended the reach to the Asian Pacific region as recognition of its active participation in the global academic mobility

  13. Academic Migrants Compared to other migration categories: • Younger • Higher levels of education • More years of professional experience • Good English language proficiency • Greater propensity for global mobility • More diversified options for migration • New tendency of liquid mobilities • Developed integration skills • Global outlooks • Cosmopolitan dispositions

  14. Cosmopolitanism –Defining Features • Globality: openness to the world, awareness of a global sphere of responsibility, and globally shared collective futures • Plurality: acknowledgement of the otherness of others and commitment to “stimulate the self-reflexivity of divergent entangled cosmopolitan modernities” • Civility:commitment to dialogue and non-violence (Beck, 2002: 35-36)

  15. Cosmopolitan Vision Cosmopolitanism- “orientation, a willingness to engage with the other . . . intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent cultural experiences, a search for contrasts rather than uniformity” (Hannerz, 1996: 104) “includes Kantian universalism, cross-cultural competence, and either a willingness to tolerate or engage with otherness” (Calcutt et al., 2009: 172) “cosmopolitans espouse a broadly defined disposition of ‘openness’ toward others, people, things and experiences whose origin is non-local” (Skrbis & Woodward , 2007: 730) Cultural Openness - “the search for, and delight in, the contrasts between societies rather than a longing for superiority or for uniformity” (Urry, 2000: 7)

  16. Everyday Cosmopolitan Values and Dispositions: Cultural awareness Cognitive style of communication Intercultural competencies Cultural intelligence Intercultural openness Cultural acceptance Willingness to engage Limited power distance Interpersonal engagement

  17. Conclusion Academic Migrants as Important Agents of: • Knowledge Mobilization • Knowledge Exchange • Knowledge Translation • Knowledge Transfer • Knowledge Creation

  18. References Beck, U. (2002) The cosmopolitan society and its enemies’ Theory, culture & society. 19(1-2): 17-44. Calcutt, L., Woodward, I. & Skrbis, Z. (2009). Conceptualizing otherness: An exploration of the cosmopolitan schema. Journal of Sociology, 45 (2), 169-186. European Commission (2011a) Lifelong Learning Programme THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME 2009/2010: A Statistical Overview. December 2011 at http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc/stat/0910/report.pdf European Commission (2011b) Statistics by country - Erasmus Mundus scholars selected each academic year, 2004-05 to 2009-10. At http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/results_compendia/statistics_en.php Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational connections: culture, people, places. New York: Routledge. Skrbis, Z. & Woodward, I. (2007). The ambivalence of ordinary cosmopolitanism: investigating the limits of cosmopolitan openness. Sociological review, 55 (4), 730-747. Urry, J. (2000). Sociology beyond societies: Mobilities for the twenty-first century. London: Routledge.

  19. Thank You! Questions? Comments? Suggestions? Liudmila.Kirpitchenko@monash.edu

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