Microbiology

1. Microbiology Part 1 Cell Structure and Function

2. the names of different cell parts what function each part has (We will use the analogy of a shopping mall as our example of a cell.) cellular organization and tissue types In this PowerPoint you will learn the following:

3. A. Common Cell Structures All cells, regardless of the type, have these two things: • an outer covering called a cell membrane • internal, gelatin-like substance called cytoplasm Imagine a water balloon filled with hair gel

4. 1. Comparing Cells • The size and shape of the cell relates to its function.

5. Prokaryotic cells - lack membrane-bound, internal structures or a nucleus - are one celled organisms like bacteria Eukaryotic cells - have membrane-bound, internal structures called organelles - are all advanced cells like protists, fungi, plants and animals 2. There are two cell types:

6. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

7. B. Cell Organization • 1. Cell Wall – composed of cellulose; grows, changes shape, and protects the cells of plants, algae, and most bacteria **The cell wall’s purpose is to shape and protect the cell like the outside wall of a shopping mall, which provides shape and protection for it.**

8. B. Cell Organization 2. Cell Membrane – protective layer around allcells. - found inside the cell wall of plants, algae, and most bacteria - allows food and oxygen into the cell and wasteproducts out of the cell cell membrane **The cell membrane controls what substances come into and out of the cell like an entrance you have to pass through to get into and out of the shopping mall.**

9. B. Cell Organization • 3. Cytoplasm - the watery, gel-like material in which cell parts move and cell activities take place **Cytoplasm is like the hallways of the mall where people move.**

10. B. Cell Organization • cytoskeleton – scaffolding-like structure • in cytoplasm which helps keep it in shape • B. In the cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells have • organelles which help with cell life • processes.

11. Organelles • 4. Nucleus • - contains instructions for everything the cell does; includes DNA • - regulates and controls cell activities, acting like the “brain” of the cell **The nucleus is like the mall office, which regulates and controls activities of the shopping mall.**

12. Parts of the Nucleus • Nuclear Membrane • - protects the nucleus • - allows substances to pass in and out of the nucleus, as the cell membrane does for the cell **The nuclear membrane is like the main office, the walls of the mall, and its entrance. It protects the office (nucleus) and lets workers in and out.**

13. Parts of the Nucleus • Nucleolus • - is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis • - contains chromosomes which are all piled up in a tangled jumble (like a bowl of spaghetti) • - small central location of chromosomes in nucleus

14. Parts of the Nucleus • Chromosomes • - direct the activities of cells • - are made up of the DNA instructions for the cell **The chromosomes are like a mall’s office director who works in the office and directs all the activities of the shopping mall.**

15. Organelles • 5. • Mitochondria • - produces most of the energy for the cell • - considered the “powerhouse of the cell” • - where the energy in food is stored until it is released • - help cells do their work **Mitochondria are like the electrical system of the shopping mall, which supplies electrical energy.**

16. Organelles • Chloroplast • - green organelles found only in plant cells, like the cell wall • - contains chlorophyll, which captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food for the cell • - site of photosynthesis in plant cells **Chloroplasts are like the pizza shop in the mall that makes food.**

17. Organelles Lysosomes - recycling organelles that work like the stomach or a trash can for the cell - can break down food, worn out cell parts or the entire cell (when it’s time for replacement) - are organelles that contain digestive chemicals

18. Organelles Centrioles - function during cell division to separate daughter cells - are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division

19. Manufacturing Organelles • 6. • Ribosomes • - make proteins for cell activities • - can be free floating or “bumps along the highway of the rough ER” • - the site of protein synthesis

20. Manufacturing Organelles • Endoplasmic Reticulum • - a series of smooth or rough membranes that move materials around in a cell • - works like a highway throughout the cell • - can be smooth (no bumps) or rough (bumps are ribosomes)

21. Transporting and Storing Organelles • 7. • Golgi Bodies – package and ship substances out of the cell or to other parts of the cell. It doesn’t really matter what the substance is - their job is packaging. • - series of flattened membranes • - are like for the cell

22. Transporting and Storing Organelles • Vacuoles • - are also called vesicles • - store food, water, and chemicals • - are membrane-bound spaces for temporary storage in cells **Vacuoles are like water tanks and pipes of the mall which store water.**

23. C. From Cell to Organism • 1. Cell – smallest unit

24. C. From Cell to Organism 1. Cell – smallest unit 2. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job.

25. C. From Cell to Organism 1. Cell – smallest unit 2. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job. 3. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ.

26. C. From Cell to Organism 1. Cell – smallest unit 2. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job 3. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ 4. Organ System – group of organs working together on a particular function form a system

27. C. From Cell to Organism 1. Cell – smallest unit 2. Tissue – group of similar cells working together on one job 3. Organ – different types of tissues working together make up an organ 4. Organ System – group of organs working together on a particular function form a system 5. Organism – the organ systems work together to form the entire organism.

28. Epithelial Tissue EXAMPLE: Skin - functions for protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception - form coverings and linings of internal organs and the body D. General Tissue Types

29. D. General Tissue Types Nerve Tissue - makes up the brain, nerves, and spinal cord - is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities - stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning - To do all these things, cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses.

30. D. General Tissue Types Bone Tissue - makes up the skeletal system - forms a framework and support system for organs and the body as a whole - Bone marrow is also responsible for production of red blood cells.

31. D. General Tissue Types Blood- - is a special transport fluid Has four parts: Red cells deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body cells and transport waste products away from those same cells. White cells fight off infections and germs. Platelets function during blood clotting. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood that helps it flow.

32. D. General Tissue Types Muscle Tissue - is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts There are three types: Skeletal muscles- attached to bones for voluntary movement Smooth muscles- line internal organs; involuntary movement Cardiac muscles- heart muscle; branching cells that NEVER get tired