Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Group

1. Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Group University of Minnesota ME 4054: Senior Design Speaker:Scott Roland Other Group Members: Aaron Jagoda, Nate Dahlquist, Peter von Arx, Yeng Vue, Bounmee Yang, Jeff Campbell Advisor: David Kittelson

2. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Configurations • A parallel hybrid draws power from a large IC engine and a small battery driven electric motor • A series hybrid draws power from a small IC engine to drive a generator which charges a battery. The battery powers an electric motor to drive the wheels • Plug-In hybrids use much larger batteries to extend the all-electric (battery only) range of the car minimizing the uses of the IC engine

3. Series vs Parallel Engine Configurations • Parallel hybrids use internal combustion engine when additional power is needed • Series hybrid uses internal combustion engine when additional energy is needed • Series Hybrids overcome inefficient transient engine loading & starting and stopping modes. • Electric motor is efficient over a much wider range of loads and speeds than an internal combustion engine

4. Motivation • Political • Reduce dependence on foreign energy sources • Provides more jobs to US citizens • Environmental • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions • Minimize toxic vehicle emissions • Economic • Provide an alternative to high priced energy sources • Move consumer spending to domestic market

5. Project Scope • Develop a Plug-in Hybrid Concept • What it is? • IC Engine and Generator • Engine Exhaust After Treatment • Battery • Electric motor • Auxiliary Systems & Control System • What it is not? • Prototype • Detailed Exterior, Interior and Chassis Design • Deliverable • Working Simulation of Drivetrain System • Specifications for Each Drivetrain and Auxiliary Component

6. Environmental Impact – While Charging • Minnesota Electricity Production • Coal (41%) • Nuclear (25%) • Hydro (12%) • Wind (4%) • Natural Gas (3%) • Xcel Energy can produce 8000 MW • Off peak (9 pm – 9 am): • 4000MW are used • Remaining 4000MW can safely charge over a million vehicles w/ 15kWh battery without overloading the system • Issues: • Poor Performance in Extreme Temperatures

7. Environmental Impact – While Driving • Benefits • First 40 miles will cost $1.13 @ standard $0.075 per kWh • Reduction in harmful emissions • 41% of Electricity provided by Xcel is free of Greenhouse emissions • Easier to clean a single large source than millions of small sources. • Issues • Expensive battery and battery life cycle • Charge time of 10 hours with standard 120V outlet • Poor battery performance in extreme temperatures • Safety concerns

8. Main Component Selection • Size of Car: Subcompact/Compact (Focus/Corolla) • Battery: Rechargeable Li-Ion Battery • Engine: Two Stroke Cycle Compression Ignition Free Piston Engine with an Integrated Alternator • After Treatment: Combined Diesel Particulate Filter, Selective Catalytic Reduction, and Catalytic Regenerative Trap

9. Lithium Ion Battery • Excellent Energy and Power Densities --5x higher than traditional VRLA batteries, and twice that of NiMH batteries • Non-Toxic, higher recyclability than other options • Expensive & complicated charge regulating system • Emerging Technology

10. After Treatment Choice Combine DPF, SCR with urea and CRT • Source: http://world.honda.com/news/2006/c060925DieselEngine

11. The Free Piston Engine • Two Stroke Cycle higher power to weight (size) ratio • Variable Compression ratio allows wide range of possible fuels • Magnets on piston and Coil around cylinder • Act as a generator when engine is running • Act as a solenoid to start engine http://www.lceproject.org/

12. Performance • Accelerate 0 to 60mph in 10 seconds • Power provided 121 hp • Must feel responsive for all-around driving • Maintain speed of 60 mph on a 6% grade • 40 mile all electric range (Why?) • 300 mile total range

13. Issues & Complications • State-of-Charge Control and Management for Li-Ion Battery • Regenerative Braking • Component Integration (Size, Power Req. etc.)