Emissions Due to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in High Wind Systems

1. Emissions Due to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging in High Wind Systems Allison Weis Roger Leuken Jeremy Michalek Paulina Jaramillo Carnegie Mellon University USAEE Annual Meeting July 29, 2013

2. Motivation • Electric vehicles are forecasted to make up 2%-15% of vehicle fleet by 2025 • Significant wind generation is expected in states with Renewable Portfolio Standards • Fluctuations in wind generation will require additional grid flexibility, some of which could come from controlled electric vehicle charging • Electricity sector emissions are key to understanding if electric vehicles cause lower emissions overall compared to gasoline vehicles

3. Related Work • Operational emissions studies with a simplified model for the electricity system • Stephan and Sullivan • McCarthy and Yang • Operational emissions studies with dispatch assuming controlled charging and existing electricity grid • Sioshansi and Denholm • Sioshansi and Miller • Full life cycle analysis studies with a simplified model for the electricity system • Michalek et. al. • Hawkins et. al. • Argonne National Lab

4. Research Questions • Can controlled charging reduce the impact of having electric vehicles on the grid compared to uncontrolled charging? • Cost • Emissions • Damages from emissions • How does a high wind penetration change the impacts of electric vehicles and controlled charging?

5. Conventional Power Plants Energy Balance Wind Power Non-vehicle Load Plug-in Vehicles All Vehicles System Overview

6. Power Grid Data TI1-5 Region 3 Region 1 Region 4 Region 2 Region 5 2010 PJM power plants and 2010 fuel prices by state 5 transmission regions with power limited connections

7. Wind Plant Data • Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study on-shore production data at a 10-minute resolution • Added by capacity factor (high to low) within PJM region until wind plants capable of producing 20% of the load

8. Electric Vehicle Profiles Aggregated Optimized 20 • Driving profiles from National Household Travel Survey • Charge at home at the end of the day • Uncontrolled charging based on all passenger vehicles • Controlled charging based on 20 representative profiles • 16 kWh battery PHEV (Chevy Volt) • 10% of passenger vehicles in PJM (2.4 million)

9. Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch Mixed Integer Linear Program: • Subject to: • Generation = Load • Spinning reserves • Power plant constraints • Minimum and maximum generations levels • Ramp-rate limits • Minimum runtime and downtime • Vehicle battery charging • Battery state of charge • Charge rate limits

10. Controlled charging significantly reduces the cost of PHEV charging

11. Controlled charging of PHEVs increases generation from coal plants Oil/Gas Steam Wind Combustion Turbine Wind Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Combined Cycle Coal Coal Coal Coal Nuclear Nuclear Combustion Turbine Combustion Turbine 20% Wind PJM Base Wind

12. Increased wind resources help keep controlled charging from increasing emissions Controlled Controlled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Uncontrolled Controlled Controlled Controlled Controlled

13. Damages due to emissions increase with controlled charging, even with large wind resources CO2 NOX CO2 SO2 CO2 SO2 SO2 CO2 SO2 VOC SO2 VOC PM25 PM25 PM25 PM25 PJM Base Wind 20% Wind Marginal monetary health damages calculated using the APEEP (Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy) model CO2 damages from $35/metric ton social cost of carbon Increase due to SO2 damages

14. Key Findings Controlled Charging 20% RPS Slightly decreases costs of integrating EVs Greatly reduces emissions damages of EV integration With controlled charging higher wind utilization lower CO2, PM, VOC, NOXand NH3emissions higher SO2emissions Controlled charging still increases damages • Cuts the costs of integrating EVs by 40%-50% • Reduces energy consumption by about 8% by reducing use of inefficient storage • Increases the utilization of low cost plants (particularly coal) • Change in Emissions • higher CO2, PM, SO2 and NOX emissions • lower VOC and NH3 emissions • Increases damages from EV-integration emissions.

15. Future Work Optimize controlled charging using full social costs by including emission prices in objective function Evaluate the emissions and damages from the full life cycle of the vehicles and compare to gasoline vehicles Emissions given future fuel prices and power plant fleet

16. Acknowledgements Funding by: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Richard King Mellon Foundation Electric Power Research Institute Heinz Endowment National Energy Technology Laboratory National Science Foundation CAREER Award #0747911 Toyota Motor Corporation National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center through the RenewElec project

17. Thank you!

19. Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch • Subject to: • Generation = Load • Minimum and maximum generations levels • Ramp-rate limits • Minimum runtime and downtime • Vehicle battery charging