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C Red. Carbon Reduction. Low Carbon Workshop Workshop 2. Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation. What we can all do to save the planet from the consequences of Global Warming.

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C Red

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  1. CRed Carbon Reduction Low Carbon Workshop Workshop 2 Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.Ад-р технических наук Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation What we can all do to save the planet from the consequences of Global Warming

  2. Time is getting short to save the planet 18th November 2007 • IPCC climate report of 2500 Scientists – November 2007. • World is dying, but can we unite to save it? • Pollution in the seas from burning fossil fuels is now speeding global warming • increases in droughts, • heatwaves • floods • famine • poor and elderly will suffer most • Can we all agree what to do by 2010?

  3. Change in precipitation 1961-2001 Source: Tim Osborne, CRU Total summer precipitation Total winter precipitation

  4. Increasing Occurrence of Drought

  5. Increasing Occurrence of Flood Source: Tim Osborne, CRU

  6. 2003 1979 Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 تغير المناخاثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003 • Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region • NASA satellite imagery • الصيف الجليد في القطبالشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه • ناسا الصور الفضاءيه • 20% reduction in 24 years • 20 ٪تخفيض في 24 سنوات Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

  7. What is the magnitude of the problem Each person in Libya causes emission of 7.58 tonnes of CO2 each year. What volume does that occupy? 4.25 hot air balloons How does Libya compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

  8. The magnitude of the problem 1 hot air balloon = 1.8 tonnes Each person in Libya emits equivalent of 4.25 balloons 1 party balloon = 10 gms 1 big balloon = 900 000 party balloons

  9. How to reduce causes of Global Warming • Reduce energy use. • How? • Switch off unnecessary appliances • Change how we do things - change the setting on the thermostat • Improve efficiency of Energy Use • Insulate buildings to keep them warm in winter and cool in summer. • Technical improvements in equipment • More efficient refrigerators, cars etc. • Use Renewable Energy rather than fossil fuels to generate electricity. • Offset residual emissions

  10. Using Energy causes emission of CO2 • What fuels do you use to heat your home in winter? • Gas? • Oil? • Electricity? • What fuels do you use in summer? • Electricity? • Each fuel emits different amounts of carbon dioxide • Gas for heating 210 – 260 gms per unit of heat 21 – 26 balloons • Approximately same in all countries • Oil for heating 310 – 400 gms • Approximately same in all countries • Electricity 1530 grms [153 balloons] for Libya • But 520 gms in UK and 80 gms in Switzerland Why the difference?

  11. How is electricity generated

  12. Electricity Generation in Libya For each unit of electricity used. Heat Lost from power station 4.24 kWh Lost from wires 0.47 kWh Oil 4.73 kWh Electricity actually used 1.0 kWh Electricity 1.67 kWh Power Station 28% efficient in Libya Used for extracting oil and gas 0.20 kWh GAS 1.19 kWh Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms 18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.

  13. Efficiency of Generation ~ 25 – 28% 30 – 35% 35 – 39% In Libya Efficiency is ~ 27% Electricity Out Cooling Tower Fuel In Turbine Generator Condenser

  14. Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electricity Out Cooling Tower Electricity Out Turbine Generator Condenser CCGT efficiency 47 – 52%

  15. Electricity Generation in Libya and UK Losses 28% Power Station Oil 80% Gas 20% Emissions depends on efficiency, losses and fuel 28% efficient in Libya Coal 1000 – 1300 gms Oil 900 - 1100 Gas 400 – 600 gms Coal 37.7% Gas 35.5% Oil 1.3% Other 2.0% Renewable 4.7% Nuclear 18.9% Power Station Losses 8.5% 42% efficient in UK Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 in Libya and520 gms in UK.

  16. Oil and Gas on Earth are running out Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Billion barrels of oil a year 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

  17. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now

  18. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

  19. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation • On shore wind • 1.5 MW machine will provide energy for 1000 homes in UK • Possibly 3000 homes in Libya • New machines are twice as big 66 m 66 m

  20. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Off shore wind Has 30 turbines and can provide sufficient electricity for 35 000 houses in UK

  21. Solar Electricity It is still quite expensive

  22. Hydroelectricity Some countries have a high proportion of hydro electricity - Norway ~ 99% UK ~ 2%

  23. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass • Transport Fuels: • Biodiesel? • Bioethanol? • Compressed gas from • methane from waste. But Land Area required is very large - 10000 sq km would be needed to generated justr 5% of UK electricity needs.

  24. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

  25. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave

  26. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

  27. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal

  28. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Tidal Barrages Output 78 000 GWh per annum Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney Save 40000 tonnes of CO2

  29. Options for Renewable Electricity Generation Geothermal

  30. Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh

  31. Performance of a Solar Thermal System Data collect 9th December 2006 – 30th October 2007

  32. It is all very well for South East, but what about the North? House on Westray, Orkney exploiting passive solar energy from end of February House in Lerwick, Shetland Isles with Solar Panels - less than 15,000 people live north of this in UK!

  33. Raising Awareness At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai • In UK a tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • A Mobile Phone charger: up to 20 kWh per year ~ 3000 balloons each year. 30 kg CO2 • Standby on electrical appliances • ~60+ kWh a year - ~9000 balloons. • Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) Or one party balloon every 50 m

  34. Involve the local Community • The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney) campaigned for a wind turbine. • On average they are more than self-sufficient in electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter of electricity. • Many of the Islanders bought shares in the project and are now reaping the reward. • Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of carbon dioxide by 2015. • Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray.

  35. Involve the local Community Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray. The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly powered by Wind Turbines Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and other vehicles. Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed

  36. Low Carbon Workshop – Part 2 CRed Carbon Reduction Buildings and our Changing Climate • Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings • Energy Management • Life Cycle Issues • Providing Low Carbon Energy on Campus • Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings • Energy Management • Life Cycle Issues • Providing Low Carbon Energy on Campus CRed Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Acknowledgement: Charlotte Turner

  37. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

  38. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

  39. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School

  40. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms.

  41. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. 8

  42. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

  43. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

  44. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

  45. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

  46. Operation of the Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Space for future chilling Incoming air into the AHU Filter Heater The air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs The return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building • Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Return stale air is extracted from each floor Air enters the internal occupied space

  47. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

  48. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

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