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Jewish Life and Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe: A Historical Overview

Explore the Jewish experience pre-partition of Poland, Tsar Nicolas I's plans, Haskalah movement, pogroms, Blood Libel, Beilis Trial, Jewish emigration, socialism, and the Bund movement in Eastern Europe.

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Jewish Life and Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe: A Historical Overview

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  1. Review • What was Jewish life like prior to the partition of Poland • What is the Pale of Settlement? • What was Tsar Nicolas I’s plan for dealing with the Jewish Problem? What were some ways he accomplished it? • What was the Haskalah? • How did Judaism change religiously in Eastern Europe?

  2. East European Jewry Part II

  3. Anti-Semitism: Pogroms I • Pogrom: Definition • Russian word for a violent riot, accompanied by pillage and murder, perpetrated by one group against another. Throughout Russian history pogroms occurred between various communities. • In a broader sense, pogrom has come to mean attacks by non-Jewish Russians against the Jews between 1881 and 1921.

  4. Anti- Semitism: Pogroms II • Primary Sources • “The Massacre of Jews at Kishinev” (page 409) • “The City of Slaughter” (page 410) • Additional Discussion Questions • What is different about who is condemned in each document? • What do we learn about this event by looking at more than one document? • Which argument do you agree with? Why?

  5. Anti-Semitism: Blood Libel • Menachem Mendel Beilis (1874-1934) • Non-observant Jew • Soldier & Factory superintendent • Father of 5 • Beilis Trial (1911-1913) • Evidence did not point to Beilis • Outcry from around the world • Beilis tried in 1913 • Acquitted when murderer turns himself in Arrest of Menachem Beilis

  6. Anti-Semitism: Jewish Response I • Emigration from Russia • Causes • Pogroms • Economic Depression • Destinations • America • Israel • South America • Baron De Hirsch (Jewish Colonization Association) • Argentina and Brazil

  7. Anti-Semitism: Jewish Response II • Socialism • Definition – A movement which aims to improve society through collective action and communal ownership of property. • Begins in Western Europe in the 19th Century and spreads to Russia • Industrial Revolution • Jews see in this ideology possibility for a better future.

  8. Anti-Semitism: Jewish Response IIa • Algemeyner arbeter bund in Polyn un Rusland (General Jewish Worker’s Union in Poland and Russia) • Founded in 1897 • Views • Secular political party opposed to traditional Judaism • Sought rights for the proletariat • Sought national-cultural autonomy for Jews • Member of RSDWP • 1912 – sided with Mensheviks • 1921 – joined the Communist Party

  9. Changes in the 20th Century • Similarities and Differences Between the Bund and RSDWP • Bund – Jewish nationalism • RSDWP – Jews are not a nation • March Revolution (1917) • Emancipation of the Jews • Russification continues

  10. Next Class • Mid-term Exam • Need Raspberry Scantron • Multiple Choice, T/F, Extra Credit

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