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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Defining relative clauses give essential information . The man lives next door. He is very friendly. The man who lives next door is very friendly. We know a lot of people . They live in London. We know a lot of people who live in London.
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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I Defining relative clauses give essential information. The man lives next door. He is very friendly. The man who lives next door is very friendly. We know a lot of people. They live in London. We know a lot of people who live in London. We use who or that in a relative clause when we are talking about people. Where are the eggs?- They were in the fridge. Where are the eggs that were in the fridge? The window has now been repaired. It was broken. The window which /that was broken has now been repaired. That is more usual than which when we talk about things.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES II • The man who lives next door is friendly. • Where are the eggs that were in the fridge. WHO and THAT are subjects in the relative clause. They cannot be omitted. Sometimes who and that are objects. • The man was on holiday. I wanted to see him. The man I wanted to see was on holiday. • Have you found the keys? –you lost them. Have you found the keys you lost. When who or that are objects of the verb in the relative clause we can leave them out.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES III Whose ( usedinstead of his/ her/ their) • Wesawsomepeople . Their car brokedown. Wesawsomepeoplewhose car brokedown. Whom (whenitistheobject of theverbin theR. clause) • Themanwasonholiday. Wewantedtoseehim. Themanwhomwewantedtoseewasonholiday. Whomisnotoftenused. In spokenEnglishwepreferwhoorthatoryou can leavethemout. Where ( totalkabout places) • The hotel wasn’tveryclean. Westayedthere. The hotel wherewestayedwasn’tveryclean.
Exercises I • Where are thepeople ? Theypromisedtovisityou. Where are thepeoplewhopromisedtovisityou? • Thisisthestation. You can getthetrainto Madrid there. Thisisthestationwhereyou can getthetrainto Madrid. • Tell me abouttheneighbour. His car has beenstolenthree times. Tell me abouttheneighbourwhose car has beenstolen… • I sawheronSunday. Wewerestudying in thelibrarythen. I sawheronSundaywhenwewerestudying in thelibrary. • I’msure I knowtheman. Sueistalkingtohim. I’msure I knowthemanSueistalkingto. • Shewrote a poem. Itdescribedherfeelingsaboutthenews. Shewrote a poemwhichdescribedherfeelingsabout …
NON-DEFINIG RELATIVE CLAUSES • Non-defining relative clauses give us non-essential information. • We have to use who for people and which for things. • You cannot use that and you cannot leave out who or which. • You have to put commas at the beginning and at the end.
Exercises • The man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name. The man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist. • Ana’s friend came to visit her last month. She lives in Italy. Ana’s friend, who lives in Italy, came to visit her last month. • “Working girl” was a famous film in the 80s. I first saw it the USA. “Working girl”, which I first saw in the USA, was a famous film in the 80s. • Pedro is in my class. He is Rosa’s boyfriend. Pedro, who is in my class, is Rosa’s boyfriend. • Yesterday we went to Ann’s party. We enjoyed it very much Yesterday we went to Ann’s party, which we enjoyed very much.
Non- Defining Relative Clauses • In non- essential relative clauses you can use prepositions before whom( for people) and which (for things). We can have: “to whom/ with whom/ about which/ for which” etc. Examples: • This is a photograph of our friends. We went on holidays withthem. This is a photograph of our friends, with whom we went on holidays • Mr Smith is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night. Mr Smith, to whom I spoke last night, is very interested in our plan. Mr Smith, who I spoke to, is very interested in our plan. (Spoken English) • Our wedding took place last Friday. Only members of the family were invited to it. Our wedding, to which only members of the family were invited, took place last Friday.
NOTE: • The relative pronoun that is not used in non-defining clauses. It is replaced be Who, Whichor When
Join the sentences using a relative pronoun: • I lost a book. It has a red cover. • I had a bookwhich / that has a red cover. • Wespoketo a Japanesetourist. He lives in Kyoto. • Wespoketo a Japanesetouristwholives in Kyoto. • The film isabout a town in Italy. My sisterlivesthere. • The film isabout a town in Italywhere my sisterlives. • Lastweek I met a friend. Herhusbandis a pilot. • Lastweek I met a friendwhosehusbandis a pilot. • My mothergave me a ring. Ithadbelongedto my grandmother. • My nothergave a ring which / thathadbelongedto my mother.
Join the two sentences using non-defining relative clauses. • Peaches are my favouritefruit. Theydon’tgrow in coldclimates. • Peaches, whichdon’tgrow in coldclimates, are my favouritefruit. • In 1997 Princess Diana waskilled in anaccident. Shewasthirty-sixyearsold. • In 1997 Princess Diana, whowasthirty –sixyeardold, waskilled in anaccident. • Ourneighbours are verynoisypeople. Theirhouseisveryclosetoours. • Ourneighbours, whosehouseisveryclosetoours, are verynoisy. • My sisteralways has time for me. Sheworkslonghourseveryday. • My sister ,whoworkslonghourseveryday, always has time for me. • Paris is my favouritecity. I met my husbandthere. • Paris, where I met my husband, is my favouritecity.
