Vocabulary Introduction

1. US HISTORY 8 TEACHER: _____________________________ NAME: __________________________________________ PERIOD: ____________ NORTH VS SOUTH 9/19-9/21 9/12- 9/13 9/18-9/19 9/21-9/24 9/17 9/14 9/13 Causes of Civil War Time Line Research The Civil War Causes Abolitionist Trading Cards Civil War Reconstruction Vocabulary Introduction End of Reconstruction 12-14 15-20 8-11 5-7 20-21 2-4

2. I. Causes & Events Leading to the Civil War **The Civil War is the __________________ war in American history. More Americans will die in the Civil War than all wars through Korea (1953) put together.** 1. ___________________alism - during the 1800’s, America became ___________________ into sections with different cultural & economic ways of _________ Further analysis: The North prospered with manufacturing (factories) in largely populated cities and did not agree with slavery, the South prospered with cotton and tobacco farming (cash crops) on plantations that relied greatly on slavery, the West prospered with wheat and grain farming (food) on the Great Plains and for the most part did not agree with slavery. 1. If North and South fought a war, who would you predict to win? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which side would the West most likely join? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why would the West be a powerful ally? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ results = ______________ – manufacturing (factories), shipping, & fishing = ______________ – mostly farming cotton (plantations) – relied on slavery = ______________ – mostly farming grain (new breadbasket of U.S.) – ship food to North and South **many Americans felt greater _______________ to their region than the country** The regional breakdown of the United States during the late 1800’s – this became known as sectionalism – this was caused by different political beliefs, ways of life (culture), and economic needs (jobs) between the North, South, and West – sectionalism will be a major contributor to the outbreak of the Civil War most of the South was rural but there were a few major cities. These included: · New Orleans, LA · Charleston, SC · Richmond, VA

3. 2. Missouri Compromise (1820) - in 1820 there were ______ states in America - _____ free states and ______ slave states (equal) - _______________ (free) wants to join as the 23rd state - free states would have an ___________________ (not equal) in Congress results = ________________ (slave) joins as the 24th state = _____ free states and _____ slave states (equal again) Texas and Florida became slave states, Iowa and Wisconsin became free states (equal) – with the new land obtained from the Mexican War, both North and South wanted to increase their power in Congress and will debate the issue of slavery in the new territories – California (1849’ers) will become the next territory to have a large enough population to become a state – they will choose to be free (not equal) The Missouri Compromise admitted Maine and Missouri as the 23rd and 24th states – this allowed equal representation between free and slave states – the compromise also set up a boundary at 36° 30° N that stated no slave states could be formed north of the boundary

4. 4. Compromise of 1850 - California (free) asks to join the Union as the _____st state - there is no other state to join as a slave state to keep the _________________ results = California ________ ___________ as a free state (more free states) = _____________________ passes the Fugitive Slave Law (law the South really wanted) - Fugitive Slave Law = police in Northern free states must ______________ escaped slaves to their owners … There were tactical differences between [Frederick] Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, white abolitionist and editor of The Liberator—differences between black [African American] and white abolitionists in general. Blacks were more willing to engage in armed insurrection [rebellion], but also more ready to use existing political devices—the ballot box, the Constitution—anything to further their cause. They were not as morally absolute in their tactics as the Garrisonians. Moral pressure would not do it alone, the blacks knew; it would take all sorts of tactics, from elections to rebellion.… White abolitionists did courageous and pioneering work, on the lecture platform, in newspapers, in the Underground Railroad. Black abolitionists, less publicized, were the backbone of the antislavery movement. Before Garrison published his famous Liberator in Boston in 1831, the first national convention of Negroes had been held, David Walker had already written his “Appeal,” and a black abolitionist magazine named Freedom’s Journal had appeared. Of The Liberator’s first twenty-five subscribers, most were black.… Source: Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present, Harper Perennial, 2003 According to Howard Zinn, what were twomethods used by abolitionists to achieve their goals? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________ _________ Cabin (1852) - novel written by Harriet Beecher __________ - gives a _________________ look at the ________________ and __________ of slavery results = becomes a best selling book = makes northerners _________ slavery even more = most northerners _____________ the Fugitive Slave Law

5. c. Abolitionists - reformers from both the North and South who wanted to end ________________ • d. __________________ Railroad - ___________ routes north for slaves to escape • hiding places in homes, attics, barns were called “_____________” the guides were called “_________________”

8. 7. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856) - Dred Scott was a slave from _______________________ (slave state) - Scott’s owner moved to _____________________ (free state) and lived there for 7 years results = Scott sued for his __________________________ = ____________________ Court decided a. Dred Scott was not a ____________________, therefore could not sue b. slaves are ______________________ and owners can take them anywhere = Court’s decision upsets many _____________________________ 6. Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) - people in these territories are allowed to __________ whether they want to become a free or slave state - popular ____________________________ = right to vote free/slave results = “_________________________ Kansas” - brutal fighting between ________ and __________-slave settlers - hundreds die on both sides - John Brown arrives and begins to ___________________ slave owners (see Brown’s Raid on next page) = formation of the ____________________________ (anti-slavery) party … The success or failure of abolitionism must be judged against the broader question, what was possible? In confronting the most divisive issue in American history, slavery, abolitionism provided the voice of conscience. It assisted tens of thousands of individual blacks, steered the nation toward a recognition of universal rights, and was instrumental in embedding those rights into the Constitution. Even the “mistakes” of abolitionism had interesting consequences. For example, because male abolitionists did not fight to include the word “female” in the Thirteenth*, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments, the women’s rights movement was rekindled in a backlash of anger.… Source: Wendy McElroy, “The Abolitionist Adventure,” The Independent Institute, July 1, 2003 Abolitionists and pro-slavery settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska fought over whether slavery should be permitted in the new territories – the fighting was very brutal and bloody on both sides According to Wendy McElroy, what were two impacts of the abolitionist movement? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. 8. John Brown’s Raid (1859) - terrorist abolitionist, John Brown and his gang captures federal _____________ (guns) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia - Brown wants to start a massive slave ____________ with the guns results = Brown is captured and ______________ = many southerners are angry at Brown = many northerners view Brown as a __________ Historical Background: John Brown was an abolitionist, or someone who opposed slavery. Like many others during his time, Brown not only believed slavery to be wrong, but believed it to be abominable in God’s eyes. He was a very religious man. He formed a plan to raid the United States Armory at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He would gather men to help him take the arms and ammunition, then proceed with them through Virginia and much of the South, arming the slaves and urging them to fight their way northward. Brown expected hundreds of men, white and black alike, to join his crusade to end slavery. However, only sixteen white men and five black men followed him to Harper’s Ferry. On Sunday evening, October 16, 1859, Brown and his men entered the sleeping town of Harper’s Ferry. Throughout the night, they spread out through the town taking hostages from their beds and taking them to a small engine house at the corner of the town. Not everything went as smoothly as planned. By Monday morning, several of the townspeople discovered what Brown and his men were up to, so they called a town meeting and sent a messenger to alert the militia in neighboring towns. News of an insurrection spread quickly, and by the time the news reached the president in Washington, the story had been blown out of proportion. The president sent the Marines under the leadership of Colonel Robert E. Lee (who would later break his ties with the United States and become General of the Confederate Army). Meanwhile, the townspeople had collected squirrel rifles and any other weapons they could find and began to fight Brown and his men, trapping most of them in the engine house with their hostages. Several people from both sides lost their lives in the fighting. Then, early Tuesday morning, October 18,1859, Colonel Lee sent Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart to demand Brown’s surrender. The town and the engine house were surrounded by militia and United States Marines. Despite the odds against him, Brown refused to surrender. It didn’t take much effort for Colonel Lee and Lieutenant Stuart to capture Brown and his men. They used a ladder to ram the door to the engine house and swarmed it with soldiers. Brown went to trial on October 27. The jury found him guilty of treason, conspiracy of slave rebellion, and murder on October 31. On November 2,1859, John Brown was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out exactly one month later on December 2,1859.

10. 9. Election of 1860 - Democrat, Stephen A. Douglas v. Anti-Slavery Republican, Abraham ____________________ - South Carolina threatens to _____________ (leave) if Lincoln wins election - South doesn’t like Douglas and has its own Southern Democrat run for President (_____ candidates) results = this __________ the Democrats votes = Lincoln wins with less than _________ the vote = South Carolina secedes = President Buchanan does ___________________ President Lincoln’s main goal was to preserve the Union and unify the country II. North & South at the Start of the Civil War - ___________ States (19) - ______________ States (4) - ____________________ States (11) 10. South Secedes From the Union (1861) - southern states form the ________________________ - Jefferson __________ becomes President of the Confederacy - Abraham Lincoln is President of the ___________ results = Fort _______________ (Charleston, South Carolina) is attacked by the _____________ = this starts the Civil War Fort Sumter is on an island off the coast of Charleston, SC – this was a strategic fort for the South to obtain – on April 12th, 1861 Confederate batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter – the next day the Union army surrendered the fort to the Confederacy – the Civil War had begun

12. 2. Strengths of North & South in 1861 a. Northern Advantages - more ___________________ (manufacturing) - larger __________________ - more __________________ track (ship supplies faster) b. Southern Advantages - incredible Generals like Robert E. ________ and “____________________” Jackson outwitted every Union General for nearly 3 years - war was fought in the ___________ – southerners knew the land and were defending their ___________ - because of their lifestyle, southern men made better soldiers results = the North had major ____________________ over the South = the war should have been over ____________ = the South was winning in the first half of the war because of better leadership, home field advantage, and more rugged soldiers 1. War Aims (Goals) a. Lincoln & the North - fighting to ________________ the ___________ and keep the country together - North is not fighting to end _______________ until halfway through the war b. South - to preserve the southern way of life that includes __________________ - South also believed in State’s Rights - State’s Rights = southerner’s believed states should be more important than the Federal Government – they were _______________ to their state first – believed the Constitution gave them the right to _____________ c. Border States - slave states that stayed in the Union and refused to join the ________________________ 1. What conclusions can be drawn from this chart? 2. What advantages does the North have? 3. Who should win the Civil War?

13. **The Civil War produced approximately 620,000 deaths and more than 970,000 casualties (about 3% of the population).** In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect toward Lee and anticipation of folding the Confederacy back into the Union with dignity and peace, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's saber and his horse The Civil War brought about the death of hundreds of thousands of Americans – many Americans from both the Union and Confederacy were buried in Arlington National Cemetery (former land of General Lee) – the long road to rebuilding and repairing a nation had begun 1. How did the war affect the northern and southern economies? 2. What would be the Historical Significance of the Civil War in 1 sentence?

14. 3. Lincoln Assassination (April 14, 1865) - Lincoln is assassinated (murdered) by John Wilkes _______________ while watching a play at ___________Theatre, Washington D.C. results = Lincoln dies later that night = Vice President Andrew ___________________ becomes President = ___________________________ begins Confederate sympathizer, Booth’s original plan was to kidnap Lincoln – however, the Confederacy’s surrender led Booth to change his plan – the plan called for the assassination of Lincoln, VP Johnson, and Sec. of State Seward – the idea was that the assassinations would throw the Union into such chaos that the Confederacy could mount a resurgence – Booth’s was the only successful assignation – Booth escaped Ford’s Theatre and remained on the run until a stand off 12 days later between Union soldiers mortally wounded him – the other conspirators were tried and hanged – Lincoln was the first President to be assassinated Historic Background: Abraham Lincoln was the first President of the United States to be assassinated (murdered) while in office. Lincoln was first elected to the presidency in 1860. With his election the state of America as a nation became unsettled. The issue of slavery was threatening to tear apart the Union. On December 20th, North Carolina officially seceded (left) the Union. Within months, 10 more southern states left as well. As Lincoln entered office, threats of assassination were everywhere. Shortly after his inauguration, the Civil War broke out. Destined to be the bloodiest of all American wars, the Union battled the Confederacy for four long years. The two key issues of the war were States’ rights to do as they pleased (in opposition of the federal government), and slavery. During the course of the war, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, effectively ending slavery when the war was over. Lincoln was reelected in 1864, as the Union army began to turn the tide of the war. The Confederacy eventually surrendered on April 9, 1865. Abraham Lincoln would not live to see another week.

15. d. Radical Reconstruction • I. Reconstruction (1865-1877) • the period after the ________ War when the South was rebuilt until Union troops leave the South • the South’s ______, _______, and __________ were in ruins • the North’s ____________ are booming 1. divide South into 5 _____________ districts, South must rewrite new state constitutions Under the Radical Republican Congress, during Reconstruction, southern states were placed under military control and forced to free slaves, write new state constitutions, and adapt new amendments (13,14,15), giving African-Americans rights. What might happen when Union soldiers leave the South after Reconstruction? ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • a. President Lincoln’s Plan • - act as if southern states never left the __________ • - offer ___________ (official pardons = forgiveness) to southerners who swore oaths of loyalty and the states created new constitutions abolishing slavery • - problem = Lincoln ___________ • b. President Andrew Johnson • - _____________ to Lincoln’s plan • - loyalty oath to re-enter the Union • all states must ___________ slavery • c. Congress – Radical Republicans • - people that want _________ change • - against Lincoln/Johnson Plan • - want to __________ the South 2. _________ amendments 13th = ___________ slavery 14th = define citizenship (African-Americans become _______ citizens) 15th = African-Americans right to _________ In accordance to President Lincoln and Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction, a plantation owner announces to his slaves that they are now free – many former slaves will stay on the plantation owners land and work for food (sharecropping) Under the 15th amendment, African-Americans gained the right to vote – this right was quickly taken away in many southern states as restrictions were placed on African- Americans voting rights

16. Reconstruction Amendments: Guided Practice  Directions: For each amendment discussed today, put it in your own words; create a ONE WORD reminder for it, and a small picture symbolizing the amendment.

17. 3. former Confederate officers and elite plantation class can’t ________ e. South Tries to Restrict African-American Rights 1. Black Codes - not allowed to _______ - could not _________ against whites in court - could not serve on __________ - could only work in ___________________ 2. Jim Crow Laws - legalized ____________________ in the South - Supreme Court case: Plessy v. Ferguson = “separate but __________” legalized segregation in the West 3. South Tries to Prevent African- Americans From Voting - ______ tax, ___________ test, Grandfather Clause 4. Ku Klux Klan - destroy Republican party in the South - make whites join southern Democratic party (Solid South) - limit African-American _______________ - use _______________ & ______________ Poll Tax = Pay a tax to vote – Literacy Test = prove you could read by reading difficult portion of the U.S. Constitution – Grandfather Clause = if your grandfather could vote before 1865, you could vote without paying the tax or literacy test (poor white southerners could still vote) 5. Sharecropping - farmer and family worked land in exchange for a part of the _______ - mostly former __________ = another form of slavery (did not make $) result = Solid South – limited African-American rights and put southern democrats into power Sharecropping was viewed as another form of slavery, because no money was made by the sharecroppers – sharecropping was not limited to African- Americans – many poor white southerners also became sharecroppers

18. W.E.B. DuBouis Booker T

19. Write a one-page letter to ( 6-9 sentences) DuBois or Washington praising a him for what he did in fighting for the rights of African Americans. • That is, explain and evaluate what they did in order to advance equality of African Americans. • Then, briefly compare them to the other by critiquing the other’s actions. • You will be working on this individually! It will be due at the end of the period. • Support with at least 2 pieces of evidence.

20. Northerners Try to Help African-Americans 1. Freedmen’s Bureau - helped African-Americans set up _______ - drew up work contracts - set up ____________ and courts for African-Americans - helped economically II. End of Reconstruction a. Election of 1876 - Democrat = Sam Tilden, NY - Republican = Rutherford B. Hayes, OH = Tilden wins ___________ vote, but not majority of ______________ votes = Democrats make deal; Hayes President if: 1. all Federal troops pulled out of __________ = end Reconstruction 2. Hayes appoints a southerner to his _____________ 3. Federal spending for internal improvements in the South 2. Carpetbaggers - northern ___________________ who went to the South to take part in Reconstruction - most in it for personal ________ (make $, gain political power) 3. Scalawag - southerners who ___________________ and took part in Reconstruction President _________ Elected (1868) 1. Presidency Full of Scandals and Corruption a. Credit Mobiler Scandal = railroad officials __________ members of Congress to block investigation over stock fraud b. Whiskey Ring = __________ Congress not to collect whiskey ______ Why might Reconstruction be considered a time in which the presidency was weak?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21. Election of 1876 Comic Strips: Directions: Using the information from your notes, create a comic strip about the events of 1876. You should choose FOUR different “scenes” for your comic strip, and explainwhat is happening in each. The explanation should be in full sentences and is what you will be graded on.