1 / 35

Introduction to Wind Energy

Introduction to Wind Energy. August 23, 2011. James McCalley ( jdm@iastate.edu ) ENGR 340, Wind Energy, System Design and Delivery. Bookkeeping. Field trip: Meet in alley just next (south side) to Coover Hall at 4:55 pm Tuesday. We will leave at 5:00 sharp so do not be late. Homework

whitely
Download Presentation

Introduction to Wind Energy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction to Wind Energy August 23, 2011 James McCalley (jdm@iastate.edu) ENGR 340, Wind Energy, System Design and Delivery

  2. Bookkeeping Field trip: • Meet in alley just next (south side) to Coover Hall at 4:55 pm Tuesday. We will leave at 5:00 sharp so do not be late. Homework • Read chapters 1-2 of DOE20by2020 report (by today) • Read chapter 4 of DOE20by2020 report by Tuesday • Continue reading Wind Intro notes from course website (they have been updated). 2

  3. Overview • Preliminary energy concepts • Background on US wind power growth • Policy issues for wind energy • Wind energy in context • Grand challenge questions 3

  4. A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW). Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW). Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg. 1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW. Ames peak demand is about 126MW. The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity. Some preliminaries • Power: MW=1341HP. • Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules • E=P×T • Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs. • Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs Power, P(t) 1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year (about 1.2kW×8760hrs). 1 ton coal=6MWhrs. 1.5 MW Time, t  • If P varies with t: Power, P Time, T Energy, E Capacity, Prated • Capacity factor: Actual annual energy production as a percentage of annual energy production at Prated 4

  5. Background on Wind Energy in US US Generation mix Wind & renewables are 3.6% by energy. Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 5

  6. Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Annual & Cumulative Wind Power Capacity Growth But what happened in 2010? Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 6

  7. Background on Wind Energy in US 2010 is different! Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 7

  8. Background on Wind Energy in US Percentage of New Capacity Additions. N. GAS WIND Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report 8

  9. Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State 10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 9

  10. Background on Wind Energy in US U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State 10 of top 14 are in the interior of the nation Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 10

  11. Background on Wind Energy in US Source: AWEA 2011 First Quarter Market Report U.S. Wind Power Capacity By State 11

  12. Background on Wind Energy in US Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010 Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report 12

  13. Background on Wind Energy in US Market share of total 2008 wind installations Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 13

  14. Background on Wind Energy in US Ownership by company and by regulated utility Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 14

  15. Background on Wind Energy in US Wind plant size Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report 15

  16. 29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible technologies/resources (all include wind) Background on Wind Energy in US WA: 15% by 2020* ME: 30% by 2000 New RE: 10% by 2017 VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017 MN: 25% by 2025 (Xcel: 30% by 2020) MT: 15% by 2015 • NH: 23.8% by 2025 ND: 10% by 2015 MI: 10% + 1,100 MW by 2015* • MA: 15% by 2020+1% annual increase(Class I Renewables) • OR: 25% by 2025(large utilities)* 5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) SD: 10% by 2015 WI: Varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal • NY: 24% by 2013 RI: 16% by 2020 CT: 23% by 2020 • NV: 25% by 2025* IA: 105 MW • OH: 25% by 2025† • CO: 20% by 2020(IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)* • PA: 18% by 2020† WV: 25% by 2025*† • IL: 25% by 2025 • NJ: 22.5% by 2021 CA: 33% by 2020 UT: 20% by 2025* KS: 20% by 2020 VA: 15% by 2025* • MD: 20% by 2022 • MO: 15% by 2021 • AZ: 15% by 2025 • DE: 20% by 2019* • NC: 12.5% by 2021(IOUs) 10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) • DC: 20% by 2020 • NM: 20% by 2020(IOUs) • 10% by 2020 (co-ops) TX: 5,880 MW by 2015 29 states & DC have an RPS 6 states have goals HI: 40% by 2030 State renewable portfolio standard Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement * State renewable portfolio goal Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables † Solar water heating eligible Includes non-renewable alternative resources 16

  17. Background on Wind Energy in US Tax incentives • Federal Incentives: • Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA • 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC) • State incentives: • IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind • Various other including sales & property tax reductions 17

  18. Background on Wind Energy in US Climate bill Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there was interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only. 18

  19. Background on Wind Energy in US 19

  20. Electric Generation 39.97 Solar, 0.09 Unused Energy (Losses) 57.07 8.45 12.68 Nuclear, 8.45 27.39 6.82 20.54 Hydro, 2.45 Wind, 0.51 Residential 11.48 Geothermal0.35 Natural Gas 23.84 Used Energy 42.15 Commercial 8.58 Industrial 23.94 Coal 22.42 8.58 20.9 Biomass 3.88 Trans-portation 27.86 Petroleum 37.13 26.33 6.95 LightDuty: 17.12Q Freight: 7.55Q Aviation: 3.19Q 20

  21. US ENERGY USE IS ABOUT 70% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS ABOUT 71% ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION * Anthropogenic

  22. INCREASE Non-GHG 12Q to 30Q USE 11Q Electric for transportation 4.5Q Electric Generation 49.72 Solar, 1.0 Unused Energy (Losses) 43.0 15 12.68 24.5 Nuclear,15 6.82 20.54 Hydro, 2.95 Wind, 8.1 Residential 11.48 Geothermal 3.04 REDUCE COAL 22Q TO 10Q Natural Gas 23.84 Used Energy 42.15 Commercial 8.58 IGCC, 2.26 Industrial 23.94 Old Coal 10.42 8.58 8.5 Biomass 3.88 Trans-portation 15.5 Petroleum 15.13 26.33 6.95 REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q LightDuty: 8.56Q Freight: 3.75Q Aviation: 3.19Q 22

  23. Grand Challenge Question For Energy: What investments should be made, how much, when, and where, at the national level, over the next 40 years, to achieve a sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy & transportation system? 25

  24. GEOTHERMAL SOLAR CLEAN-FOSSIL Where, when, how much of each, & how to interconnect? NUCLEAR BIOMASS Wind

  25. Grand Challenges For Wind: • Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used • Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid. • Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment and maintenance costs, increase operating revenues). • Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on agriculture. 27

  26. Wind vs. people 28

  27. How to address grand challenges • #1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to where it can be used. • Transmission • Eastern interconnection Midwest to East coast • National Superhighways at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC • Right of way (rail, interstate highwys, existing transmission) • Cost allocation • Organizational nightmare • Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials • Bulk storage 29

  28. How to address grand challenges 30

  29. How to address grand challenges • #2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom-modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by large wind penetrations in operating the grid. • Variability: • Increase gas turbines • Wind turbine control • Load control • Storage (pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels, batteries, others) • Increase geodiversity • Uncertainty: • Decrease it: improve forecasting uncertainty • Handle it better: Develop UC decisions that are more robust to wind pwr uncertainty 31

  30. How to address grand challenges • #3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease investment/maint costs, increase operating revenues). • Investment: Improve manufacturing/supply chain processes, construction, collection circuit layout, interconnection cost, land lease, and financing • Operating & maintenance: • Improve monitoring/evaluation for health assessment/prediction/life-ext • Decrease maintenance costs (gearbox machines and direct-drive) • Enhance energy extraction from wind per unit land area • Improved turbine siting • Inter-turbine and inter-farm control • Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters • Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades • Taller turbines 32

  31. Wind turbine down-time distribution 33

  32. How to address grand challenges • #4. Address potential concerns about local siting, including wildlife, visual/audible, impact on agriculture. • Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue for birds. Bat-kill is more frequent. • Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help! • Visual: a sociological issue These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there are ~2600 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see, on average, one turbine every 144 acres. 34

  33. 1. What is a wind plant? Towers, Rotors, Gens, Blades

More Related