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The Enlightenment

Analyze the influence of France's social structure, King Louis XVI's weaknesses, and Enlightenment ideas on the French Revolution. Also, discuss the optimistic ideas expressed during the Enlightenment in Europe.

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment APERO – Chapter 11

  2. Final LEQ Essay • A.) Analyze the impact of France’s social structure (Three Estates), weakness of King Louis XVI, and the ideas of the Enlightenment on the Revolution. • OR • B.) To what extent did the Enlightenment express optimistic ideas in eighteenth- century Europe? Illustrate your answer with references to specific individuals and their works.

  3. 18th Century – The Age of Enlightenment • An intellectual movement • That spread throughout Europe’s literate circles

  4. The Enlightenment in Pictures • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8k_f3PFq8

  5. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 1. Reason – Truth through logic • Informed thinking about social issues • Absence of superstition, intolerance • Humans should rely on reason, not miracles, to improve society

  6. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Rights • Natural laws can regulate both the universe and human society • Natural laws can be discovered by human reason • Liberty & Freedom a natural right

  7. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 3. Happiness • Happiness as an inalienable human right • Humans should not accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter • (social reform is possible)

  8. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 4. Progress • The belief in social progress • Political and economic reform would improve society and allow for progress

  9. “Philosophes” • Critical of everything! • Political Philosophers/Social Critics • Applied rules of reason, criticism, and common sense to their writings

  10. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 1. The Rise of Print Culture: • Books, journals, newspapers, magazines reached wider audiences in the 18th century • People exposed to new ideas

  11. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 2. Writers as Social Critics • Philosophes able to earn a living through writing • Exchanged ideas/opinions/perspectives • Allowed for the emergence of public opinion

  12. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 3. Coffeehouses • Allowed for public discussion of social/ Political issues • A place for intellectuals to exchange ideas

  13. Voltaire (1694-1778) • Most influential of the philosophes • AKA: Francois- Marie Arouet • Prolific writer • Wrote: Candide (1759) – a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and human optimism

  14. The Quotable Voltaire • 1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it” • 2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give ourselves the gift of living well” • 3. “Common sense is not so common” • 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers” • 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not do”

  15. The Encyclopedia • Printed 1751-1772 • Denis Diderot chief editor of the Encyclopedia • Collective effort- 100 authors • importance: • 1. Disseminated Enlightenment thinking • 2. Freedom of expression • 3. Source of knowledge

  16. Quotable Diderot • “all things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot

  17. Shift in Political Ideology • Old idea: • “ a monarch’s rule is justified through divine right” • New Idea: • “ a government’s power comes from the consent of the governed”

  18. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Wrote: Spirit of Laws (1748) • Concluded that the Ideal government would separate power into: • Executive, judicial, & legislative branches

  19. Quotable Montesquieu

  20. Adam Smith (1723-1790) • Wrote: Wealth of Nations (1776) • Governments should not interfere with business • Laissez -faire economics (let them be) • Emergence of classical economic thought

  21. Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Committed to defending freedom and changing existing social order • 1. Novel Emile – argued for a “natural education” • Children are entitled to an education • Education should be individualized “every mind has its own form”

  22. Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • 2. Social Contract • agreement among free individuals to create a society & government • “ man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

  23. Jean -Jacques Rousseau’s View of Women (1712-1778) • Urged traditional & conservative role of women • Emphasized motherhood -child bearing and childrearing • Portrayed women as weaker, inferior to men • Excluded women from political life

  24. Mary Wollstonecraft: • Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Argued : • that women, like men, needed education to become “virtuous & useful” • That women, like men had the capacity of human reason • Criticized Rousseau’s view of women

  25. Quotable Mary Wollstonecraft • “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience”

  26. Mary Wollstonecraft • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tYv3w4rZxI

  27. Enlightenment Ideas… • 1. Inspired Revolutions and Independence Movements of the 1700’s and 1800’s • 2. Redefined the relationship between government and those governed

  28. Enlightened Absolutism • Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers to use their power for the good of the people

  29. The French Revolution APEURO – Chapter12: From Absolutism to Revolutionary Upheaval:1740-1815 ( pages 291-307)

  30. Causes of The French Revolution

  31. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • Society divided into The “Three Estates” • 3 Social Classes determined a person’s status, and their rights!

  32. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 1st Estate: • Clergy • Made up 1% of the population • Did Not pay taxes!

  33. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 2nd Estate: • Nobility • 2% of the population owned 25% of the land • High positions in government, military • DID NOT PAY TAXES! • (a noble privilege)

  34. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 3rd Estate: • Everyone Else! • “Bourgeoisie” – middle class professionals • Free Peasants • Serfs (un-free peasants) • HAD TO PAY TAXES!

  35. 2.France’s Debt • From previous wars • Send $ to the American colonists • Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending

  36. 2.France’s Debt! • Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Publishes the“Necker Report” 1781 • “Everything’s Fine!” • Report disclosed economic mismanagement • By 1786 Banks refused to lend $ to France!

  37. 2.France’s Debt! • Charles Alexander Calonne’s Economic Reform Plan 1786 : • Why not tax landed nobility? • He was quickly replaced…

  38. 2.France’s Debt! • Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending sprees… • 1 dress cost 20X’s what a skilled worker earned in a year! • Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, parties, re-decorating Versailles…

  39. 2.France’s Debt! • Marie Antoinette was nicknamed… “Madame Deficit”

  40. 3. Cost of Living Increased • Peasant situation worsened: • Price of food rose • Crop failures 1788-1789 led to • bread shortages! • Peasant’s anger rose

  41. Causes of the French Revolution • 1. Inequality of Social Classes • The Three Estates and Taxes • 2. France’s debt • Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis XVI • 3. Cost of Living Increased • Tensions rose • No money for food or basic necessities

  42. Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette • **

  43. Palace of Versailles • Was Built by Louis 16th’s grandfather • “The Sun King” Louis 14th • Most extravagant palace in all of Europe

  44. Marie Antoinette • Born in 1755 • Austrian Princess • Had 14 Brothers and Sisters • Marie the favorite

  45. @ Age 15… • A marriage arranged • To the Crown Prince of France, Louis 16th • “an advantageous match” • She was sent to Versailles

  46. The Wedding, 1770 • Marie and Louis were married • They were both 15

  47. The Coronation, 1774 • Louis’ Father died • And • Louis and Marie were crowned King and Queen of France • AT AGE 19!!!

  48. Louis XVI • Described as “homely, awkward & anti-social” • He was obsessed with collecting KEYS, and CLOCKS. • Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of their marriage

  49. Louis XVI ‘s Hobby • **

  50. Royal Children

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