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1. The Roaring 20s
2. Nativism Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Italian born immigrants who were arrested & convicted of robbery & murder May 5, 1920
The case was disputed world-wide
Some believe they were innocent, & were pawns of the anti-immigrant feelings of the people of the US following the War
They were anarchists & many feel that was their crime.
This case set the stage for US sentiment towards immigration & foreigners.
3. Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 restricted new arrivals to 3% of the nationalities represented on the 1910 census. The law changed several times during the 1920s.
Increase in Latin/Hispanic immigrants to the US also increased the number of Catholics. This was very troublesome for many Nativists groups, i.e. the KKK.
4. Ku Klux Klan A revised version of the Klan from that of the late 1800s.
Became the Poster-child of 100% Americanism!
Everyone was in the Klan, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, preachers, etc. Everyone who believed in the American Way. Only native born, white Protestants would be considered for membership.
This would be the height of Klan membership in the US.
5. Sought to protect Good Americans from the black, Jews, & Catholics
This new founder, William J. Simmons, stated that the US is not a melting pot, but a garbage can.
Now the Klan would become a nation-wide group. Not located regionally, but coast to coast. Its members were from the north, south, east & west. Rural, urban & suburban alike joined.
Simmons wanted change to happen at the voting booth, not on the end of a rope
6. The rest of the Klan however, had other ideas.
Internal warfare weakened the Klan & factions began to develop.
The KKK would never again have such a large membership or influence on the American way of life ever again.
7. Fundamentalism The churches were threatened by modernism
Darwinism, Evolution, scientific theory, etc. went against the established beliefs of the church and infected the schools
Alcoholism, drugs, sexual inhibitions, prosperity, all influenced the lack of church attendance and the decline moral fiber of the US.
Were very hostile to outside belief systems
8. Scopes Monkey Trial Dayton, Tenn. July 13, 1925 the capstone case against the teaching of Evolution in public schools.
John Scopes, a young, high school science teacher, taught the theory of evolution to his class. This went against the Tenn. Legislature that outlawed evolution in public schools. The citizens of Dayton pushed Scopes into an offer by the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) to be their test case. He reluctantly accepted. This was done primarily to get Dayton, Tenn. on the map.
9. William Jennings Bryan the former Sec. Of State, was a well known & popular rural Fundamentalist leader, took up the cause for the Prosecution. He would serve as their Bible Expert.
Clarence Darrow a well known trial lawyer from Chicago, also an agnostic, sought to turn the case away from the teaching of evolution to questioning the authenticity of the Bible.
Bryan & Darrow had many heated debates concerning biblical interpretation.
10. Did God create the earth & man?
Did Noah & the Great Flood really happen?
Moses, Abraham, Jonah & the Whale, etc. All were up for debate.
For all of their posturing, yelling & almost having fights in the courtroom, the final ruling was that Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution in school, (which he freely admitted), the Supreme Court waived his fines on a technicality. All this for nothing? Bryan called it a fight to the death, & it really was. He passed away a few days after the trial ended by heat related stress.
What did the case do for Fundamentalism & Evolution/Scientific theory?
11. Prohibition 18th Amendment Dec. 18, 1917, ratified on Jan. 16, 1919 & took affect in 1920, banned the manufacture, sale & transportation of intoxicating liquors. Beer, whiskey, wine, moonshine, hard cider & root beer.
Volstead Act 1919 defined intoxicating as all drinks having more than 0.5% alcohol.
12. This increased the use of stills in rural areas, bootlegging, runners, speakeasies, bath tub breweries, etc.
Now the mafia really came into play. Prohibition would be the biggest money maker for the mob-ever! Before this, they were limited to racketeering, drug & prostitution. Alcohol would make the big time mob bosses of the 1920s Capone, Segal, Luciano, etc.
The inability of law enforcement to control the illegal activity formed the Wickersham Commission basically it reported that Prohibition had broken down.
13. Popular Media Music Jazz, Ragtime, Swing, R&B, Blues, etc. All of which were heavily influenced by African musical styles, became the mainstream in US cities, & slowly around the world. A blending of African, American & European culture within the clubs & dancehalls with the youth of the US Black & White.
This worried the more conservative population, the moral majority. Also the racists, because blacks & whites were going to the same clubs. Few incidences race related violence happened during this time.
14. Movie theatres & Hollywood grew in leaps & bounds. The American population liked the escape the movies could give them. This would really play a factor in the Depression.
Literature books, magazines, etc. dealt with the issues of the day, sex, drugs & music.
Women became more sexually aggressive during the 1920s. They abandoned the strict Victorian morality for having fun.
This really upset the Fundamentalists.
15. Magazines & newspapers would run articles telling parents about the drugs, sex & alcohol that was present at college campuses. And that they should keep their daughters at home.
By the 1930s a survey was conducted among young, newly married women & almost half had lost their virginity before marriage. (although most were with their fianc).
16. Possibly the most troubling development concerning women, was the lack of knowing their place.
Women were no longer content with being the happy homemaker. Since the war, they have experienced new freedom & prosperity and they were not going to give it up.
Divorce rates increased during the 20s, mainly because women would take the initiative to get out of abusive or unsatisfactory marriages.
17. The Womens Movement Women have always been on the forefront of social issues, either for the benefit of society or for their own rights.
They led the charge for Prohibition (and became the largest group of alcoholics during that time), suffrage, education, heath & other social issues. Much of which were issues that were unheard of for women to express opinions.
Margaret Sanger advocated birth control. As a nurse, she saw first hand the adverse effects multiple childbirths, abortions, & miscarriages.
18. Alice Paul head of the National American Womens Suffrage Associations Congressional Committee. She was rather militant in comparison to other womens rights advocates, i.e. pickets, strikes, etc.
Carrie Chapman Catt became head of the National Woman Suffrage Association - laer it became the League of Women Voters in 1920.
Slowly the issue of womens suffrage made its way into the White House & Congress.
19th Amendment adopted on June 4, 1919, ratified Aug. 21, 1920 gave women the right to vote.
19. Alice Paul introduced the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. It would eliminate any legal distinction between the sexes. It was not adopted by Congress until 1972, but fell short of ratification.
Women were still in the workplace, but not to the extent as they were during the war. Still occupied the traditionalroles of women, i.e. domestic, secretary, nurse, teacher, etc.
20. Negro Nationalism The New Negro what does that mean?
Black migration north, towards the jobs created by the automobile factories & the war effort.
This would be the 1st time that blacks would reach any substantial social standing nation wide.
Increased activity of blacks in politics, social movements, education, etc. They were free to speak out on issues that concerned them, and act on it.
21. Harlem Renaissance
Named for the all black neighborhood in NY
Increase in political protests, cultural expression, social movements, art, literature, music, economic reform, & black awareness.
Followed the ideas of Booker T. Washington
Almost Black Separatists, whites were not allowed to live, work or own businesses in Harlem.
The movement was nation wide Harlem was the largest & most famous.
22. Marcus Garvey the leader of Negro Nationalism & founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. An immigrant from Jamaica, he arrived in NY in 1916, & his popularity grew very quickly among parts of the black population.
He stated that blacks should separate themselves from white culture, that all whites were potential Klansmen & are incapable of a fair sense of justice & equality.
23. W.E.B. Dubois called Garvey the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race.
Garvey advocates that all blacks should go back to Africa. Thousands, some say millions, of supporters sold their belongings & gave it to the UNIA to establish their own republic in Africa.
Garvey was arrested & sent to prison in 1925 for mail-fraud. (the money was never returned to those who gave everything they had.)
Garvey was released by Pres. Coolidge & deported in 1927, he died in London in 1940.
Garveys lasting impact would be in Black Power, black separatists & the back to Africa movement.
24. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Formed around 1910 by black activists & white liberals, many from Du Bois Niagara Movement.
Focused on legal action, early victories were against the Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes
W.E.B. Du Bois became the Director of Publicity & the Editor of their magazine The Crisis
Believed in solving social problems with education, information & legal action
25. Social movements Challenged the belief in a rational universe. That society tends toward improvement & that human effort can further its improvement.
Darwinism, Marxism, Communism, even Freud claimed that man has no control over his own fate.
Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity space, time & mass are not absolute, but relative to the location & motion of the observer.
This caused more questions & doubts over Gods sovereign divinity.
