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The Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications

The Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications. International Conference on Accelerator Optimization Sevilla, 7-9 Octubre 2015. José Benlliure. Universidad of Santiago de Compostela. Laser-plasma acceleration. José Benlliure.

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The Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications

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  1. The Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications International Conference on Accelerator Optimization Sevilla, 7-9 Octubre 2015 José Benlliure Universidad of Santiago de Compostela

  2. Laser-plasma acceleration José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  3. Laser-plasma acceleration W.P. Leemans et al. Physics Today 2009 José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  4. Laser-plasma acceleration Ultra-intense and ultra-short laser pulses with power densities above 1018 W/cm2 , traversing an electron plasma create a charge separation, which can build up to a charge-density wave (wakefield) of the order of TV/m, travelling with a phase velocity close to the speed of light behind the laser pulse. Electrons entering this wakefield can be accelerated to relativistic energies. José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  5. Laser-plasma acceleration High power-density laser systems (I>5 1018 W/cm2): The power-density of a laser pulse is defined by three parameters: energy, pulse duration and focal spot. There are two options to produce high power-density pulses: • High-energy laser pulses: E ~ 1KJ-1MJ, t ~ 1 ps, A~0.1 mm2 • Ultra-short laser pulses: E ~ 1mJ-1J, t ~ 10-100 fs, A~1 mm2 Chirped pulse amplification (CPA): In 1985 G. Mouraeu proposes a new technique to produce high-power laser pulses (>TW) with table-top Ti-zaphire (~800 nm) laser systems. To learn more visit the poster by Andreas Dopp José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  6. Laser-plasma acceleration Proton and heavy-ion acceleration, target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA): For thin enough targets (~mm), such that the ultra-short pulse of fast electrons can exit the back surface, a sheath of negative charge is built beyond that surface. This mechanism ionizes the impurities at the target surface being accelerated by the huge quasi-static field. 150 TW Important parameters for improving the acceleration process: • I: laser intensity  energy/pulse and focusing • Ne: number of accelerated electrons  nanostructured targets • h: fraction of laser energy transferred to electrons  nanostructured targets Best possible: • laser pulse power • focusing • target design José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  7. Laser-plasma acceleration Proton and heavy-ion acceleration, target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA): - Proton beams up to 70 MeV and heavy ions up to 10 MeV/u with ~1020 W/cm2 • large luminosities: > 1012 protons per pulse • short pulses: ~ ps • small emittance ~ 0.005 p mm.mrad • rather large dispersion in energy Simulations indicates that multi-layer targets may reduce the energy dispersion of the proton beams. A. Ziegler et al., PRL 110, 215004 (2013) To learn more visit the poster by Luca Stockhausen José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  8. Laser-plasma acceleration in Europe > 100 TW 10 - 100 TW José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  9. Medical-imaging radionuclides • Positron-emission tomography is considered the most accurate 3D imaging technique: • Positrons emitted by specific + radionuclides annihilate producing two photons • The back-to-back emission of pairs of photons from a given volume made it • possible its reconstruction using appropriate image reconstruction algorithms • The production of + radionuclides requires an accelerator with a complex infrastructure: • The production strategy is based on a regional production center and distribution. • Short-lived emitters can only be used close to the production center • Laser accelerators may represent an option: • Simpler and cheaper infrastructure. • Compact device that could be installed in any hospital for the production of short-lived radioisotopes José Benlliure

  10. Medical-imaging radionuclides 11C/18F production with laser-accelerated protons • 120 J, ~1 ps (1020 W/cm2 ), CR ~106 • 11C activity/shot ~ 200 kBq • I. Spencer et al., NIMB 183, 449 (2001) • 20-30 J, 0.3 – 0.8 ps (1-6 1019 W/cm2), CR <106 • 11C activity/shot ~ 1 MBq • J. Fuchs et al., PRL 94, 045004 (2005) • 0.8 J, 40 fs (6 1019 W/cm2), CR <106 • 11C activity/shot ~ 1.2 kBq • S. Fritzler et al., App. Phys. Lett. 83, 3039 (2003) K. Ledingham et al., New. J. Phys 12, 045005 (2010) Present laser technologies are limited by the pulse repetition rate for clinical applications but • laser-based acceleration technologies could be optimized: focusing, targets (i.e. multi-shot targets), proton beam characterization. - alternative reactions may be used e.g. 10Be(d,n)11C - clinical doses are being reduced and laser systems at 100 Hz are close to the market José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  11. Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications Main infrastructures and R&D projects Acceleration chamber Laser Radioisotope generation Compressor Focusing Target Sensors Target Sensors 50 TW 10 Hz 1 GW 1 kHz Micromachining • Micromachining • Microelectronics • Surfacetexturing • Microwelding - …. Laser microtomography L2A2 lab. • Laser cleanroom • Radioprotectedarea • Micromachininglab. • Instrumentationlab. José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  12. L2A2 facility design and construction: time schedule Investment (2013 - 2015): 5,3 M€ José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  13. Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications The laser system José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  14. Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications A Ti:Sa compact laser system with two beam lines: Amplified line ~ 50 TW - Energy per pulse: ~1.7 J • Pulse duration: 25 – 100 fs • Contrast: ~ 1:1010 - Repetition rate: 10 Hz Front-end line ~ 100 GW - Energy per pulse: ~2 mJ • Pulse duration: 25 – 100 fs • Contrast: ~ 1:106 - Repetition rate: 1 kHz Thales José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  15. L2A2 facilities: building • Laser clean room • Radioprotected acceleration area • Instrumentation and laser labs Acceleraion area Micro-machining lab. Laser clean room Instrumentation lab. Control room Laser lab. José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  16. L2A2 facilities: radioprotection Close-to-target shielding The three shielding barriers guarantees a radiation level below the natural one in the accessible areas Mobile walls made of concrete blocks Underground laboratory José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  17. L2A2 facilities: radioprotection mSv/s mSv/s Laboratorio láser José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  18. L2A2 facilities: construction 19/01/2015 17/07/2015 08/04/2015 17/07/2015 06/05/2015 05/03/2015 Area de acceleración 04/09/2015 Sala limpia láser Lab. micromecanizado Laboratorio instrumentación Sala de control Laboratorio láser Sala de control LaserPET project José Benlliure

  19. L2A2 facilities: construction Laboratorio láser José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  20. R&D for the optimization of laser-proton acceleration Main activities Multi-shot targets Laser beam diagnostics and focusing systems Proton beam diagnostics Laboratorio láser José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  21. Laser-plasma acceleration Beam diagnostics Passive sensors - Radiochromic films - Track sensors e.g. CR39 Energy spectrometers: - Thomson parabola Beam profile and intensity: - Secondary Electron Emission (MCP) - Scintillation screens - Pixelated semiconductor detectors (RadEye) José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  22. Research team Laser physics - J. Arines, C. Bao, M. Flores (USC) - F. Cambronero, D. Nieto (L2A2) Laser-matter interaction: - C. Ruíz, A. Aragón (L2A2) - A. Paredes (UVi) Nuclear and medical physics: - J. Benlliure, D. Cortina (USC) - A. Iglesias, J. Llerena, J. Silva (L2A2) Sensors and computing: - D. Cabello, V. Sánchez, J. Vidal (USC) - B. Blanco, D. Castro (L2A2) José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  23. Summary • A new facility for plasma-laser particle acceleration and other applications of ultra-short laser pulses is under construction at USC. • The facility is based on a Ti:Sa compact laser with two beam lines: • - 1 mJ, 1 kHz, 25 – 100 fs and 10-6 ASE contrast ratio • - 1 J, 10 Hz, 25 – 100 fs and 10-10 ASE contrast ratio • The main lines of the research program are: • - proton acceleration: radionuclide production for medical imaging • - incoherent X-ray production for tomography • - other applications of femtoseconds laser pulses: micromachining, surface texturing, ….. • Technical developments: • - laser focusing and diagnostics • - multi-shot targets • - ion beam diagnostics José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  24. L2A2 facilities: building Specific design to avoid vibrations in the laser and acceleration areas providing some shielding shielding working area laser + irradiation area concrete sand concrete anti-vibration system José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  25. Medical-imaging radionuclides Radioisotope production with laser Optimum proton energy spectrum 18O(p,n)18F 18O(p,n)18F • The production depends strongly on the temperature for cutoff energies well above the reaction threshold • Protons with energies above the maximum production cross sections do not contribute much José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  26. Medical-imaging radionuclides Production cross sections The energy dependence of the production cross sections defines the minimum energy for the beam particles In some cases the cross sections are not sufficiently well known José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  27. 3 incoherent X-ray production for imaging Imaging System: Film or Andor Camera X rays 30 keV AKhz X-ray source for imaging based on the l3 regime • Laser parameters: ~ 1 mJ, 25 fs, 1Khz. • Expected X-ray source: 10-20 KeV Temp, 1 mm source size, low divergence. Proposed application: X ray tomography and/or phase contrast imaging. Sample Rotation Stage Target Off Axis Parabola 3 Motor Target system Mirror Laser: 1 Khz, 25 fs, ~1 mJ José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  28. Applications with mJ ultra-short laser pulses • Surface texturing: Several industrial applications can benefit from • engineered solid-fluid interface behaviour, including drag reduction, • anti-ice surfaces or cavitation control. • Photovoltaics: Laser processing of thin films for photovoltaics • applications. • Biomedical devices: material properties remain the same as • before processing (stents). • Photonic devices: manufacture of optical waveguides for • photonic integrated circuits and other telecommunications devices. • Microfluidics: Fentosecons pulse can generate clean and precise • channels on transparent materials • Displays (touch screens): Fentosecond laser can generate accurate tracks increasing the resolution. Laser-based selective elimination of thin films ( ITO). Surface texturing stent Optical waveguide microfluidics José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  29. Applications with mJ ultra-short laser pulses • Micromachining:Laser processing: marking, cutting and scribing of wide ban gap materials to create new arquitectures easy to fabricate. Drilling diesel injector nozzles or other mechanisms applied to machining high precision. Micro-optical machining of micro-lenses or diffractive optical elements in materials with high quality surface finish. • Microelectronics:miniaturization of components, laser structuring of conducting films on transparent substrates for electronics devices. • Joining dissimilar materials for obtaining cost-effective materials and to improve the resistance to mechanical and thermal stress. Wide ban gap materials joined to metal or other host surfaces . • Nanoparticles generation In vacuum, generation of nanoparticle aerosols and colloids from solid targets, Laser printing. • Fundamental research on short pulse laser-material-ambient interactions. • High harmonic generation. High stabilized harmonic generation, hard X-ray radiation from laser-produced plasma, soft X-ray radiation. Cutting Drilling José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  30. Proton energy with cyclotrons Proton energy 20 MeV 10 MeV 0 MeV Medical-imaging radionuclides Radioisotope production with cyclotrons Nuclear and electromagnetic excitations José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  31. Target thickness Energy at target entrance Proton energy 20 MeV Energy at target exit 10 MeV 0 MeV Target thickness Medical-imaging radionuclides Radioisotope production with cyclotrons Nuclear and electromagnetic excitations José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  32. Laser Laboratory for Acceleration and Applications Laser architecture: José Benlliure Int. Conf. on Accelerator Optimization, Sevilla, October 2015

  33. Target thickness Entrance target interaction Medical-imaging radionuclides Radioisotope production with laser The final radioisotope production will depend on the number of protons produced by laser shot, but also on the shape of the energy spectrum of these protons. José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  34. A. Henig et al., PRL 103, 245003 (2009) A. Ziegler et al., PRL 110, 215004 (2013) Conditions for the laser-based radioisotope production Maximum proton energy The maximum proton energy scales with the energy/intensity of the laser pulse. However, improved contrast ratio or specific target designs also contribute to produce higher energies H. Daido et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 056401 (2012) José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  35. Conditions for the laser-based radioisotope production Proton energy spectrum 120 J, 1 ps 6 m Al 6 m CH2 0.8 J, 150 fs 0.8 J, 40 fs M. Kaluza et al., PRL 93, 045003 (2013) S. Fritzler et al., APL 83, 3030 (2003) I. Spencer et al., NIMB 183, 449 (2001) The shape (temperature) of the energy spectrum seems to be affected by the pre-pulse plasma heating. In general, rear-surface acceleration shows larger temperature and energy cutoff values. José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

  36. H. Daido et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 056401 (2012) Conditions for the laser-based radioisotope production Target thickness M. Kaluza et al., PRL 93, 045003 (2013) • The laser pre-pulse (contrast ratio) defines two regimes for the optimum target thickness: • normal contrast (~108 ): optimum thickness around tens m • high contract (~1010): optimum thickness around tens of nm José Benlliure 3rd LA3NET Topical Meeting, Dresden, April 2014

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