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Groundwater

Groundwater. Chapter 10 Notes. Hydrosphere. Oceans (97%) Polar ice caps/glaciers (2.15%) Groundwater (0.31%) Lakes (0.009%) Atmosphere (0.001%) Rivers and streams (0.0001%). Groundwater. All water on land comes from the ocean, through evaporation and precipitation.

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Groundwater

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  1. Groundwater Chapter 10 Notes

  2. Hydrosphere • Oceans (97%) • Polar ice caps/glaciers (2.15%) • Groundwater (0.31%) • Lakes (0.009%) • Atmosphere (0.001%) • Rivers and streams (0.0001%)

  3. Groundwater • All water on land comes from the ocean, through evaporation and precipitation. • Infiltration: precipitation that trickles into the ground to become groundwater

  4. Porosity • Water is stored in pore spaces in the ground • The percentage of pore spaces in a rock or sediment is the porosity • Can vary from 2% to 50%

  5. Zone of Saturation

  6. Zones of Aeration and Saturation

  7. Permeability • The ability of water to move through sediment and rock is called permeability • Aquifers are permeable rock layers that allow groundwater to flow through them • A layer that is impermeable to ground water is an aquiclude

  8. Aquifer

  9. Springs Emergence of springs Hot springs/geysers • Groundwater emerges wherever the water table intersects Earth’s surface • Springs tend to form where an aquifer and an aquiclude are in contact • Most often occur on a slope or hillside

  10. Cave Formation • A cave is a natural underground opening with a connection to the surface • Most caves form in limestone bedrock when limestone is dissolved by groundwater: CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 • Carbonic acid reacts with limestone to produce soluble ions

  11. Karst

  12. Groundwater Deposits • Calcite in ground water precipitates to form new mineral deposits (stalactites, stalagmites, etc.)

  13. Wells • Wells are used to draw water out of an aquifer • Overpumping lowers the water table and creates a cone of depression

  14. Artesian Wells • Artesian wells produce water under pressure due to recharge at a higher elevation

  15. Threats to our Water Supply • Overuse: groundwater supplies can be depleted if pumped faster than the recharge rate (Ogallala Aquifer) • Subsidence: sinking of ground elevation when water table drops • Pollution (next slide)

  16. Pollution • Chemicals, sewage, salt, radon

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