Presentation Transcript

1. The mongols

2. How to Create and Empire? Military advantage – better than others over period of time. Sustained economy – Trade (Silk Road) Weak neighboring countries. Political chaos Bureaucrats run empire. Bureaucrat-person who manages day-by-day functions of gov’t. Tribute system.
3. Genghis Khan Born Temujin-1162 A.D. United Mongol tribes -1206 A.D. Voted title (strong, great, universal ruler). Sig: created largest land empire history.
4. Geography-Who were they? Nomadic people from Central Asia. What is a nomad? Lived in (yurts) huts. Life revolved around horse. Rough lifestyle-meat and milk from livestock.
5. Geography-Who were they? (Con’t) Fierce warriors, superior military strategies. What have you heard about the brutality of Mongol warriors? Mongols didn’t have a permanent food storage area – had to be mobile/prepared for conflict.
6. Geography-Mongol Empire. Mongols built largest land empire in history. Stretched from China to Hungary. After Genghis’ death, split into four parts. Who else’s empire split into four parts after his death?
7. Government under Genghis Ruled as an absolute monarch. Genghis and his successors were emperors. Loyalty-trait valued most. Rewarded those most loyal to him. Also rewarded people based on merits-meritocracy. Instilled his law code: Great Yasa. Basis for Mongol society.
8. Religion and Philosophy Mongols animistic-shamans, ancestor worship. Great Sky God (Tengiri)-deity. Head-most important part of body. If cut off, person would lose spirit. During empire, created religious tolerant society. Worship as pleased. Held debates between various religious groups.
9. Communication Mongols had own written language Created under Genghis Khan’s rule. Used to record deeds, law. Did not become universal language of empire. Favored Chinese, Arabic.
10. Technology and Innovation-Weapons and Warfare. Recursive bow-used for repeating fire of projectiles. Excellent horse archers, skilled cavalrymen. Lightning quick attacks using cavalry. Who else used a technique like this and what was it called? Silk shirt-pull arrows out.
11. Weapons and Warfare (Con’t) Used feign retreat. Ravaged country sides. Used non-Mongols as human shields. Perfected siege warfare, used first gunpowder weapons (cannon, rockets). First to use biological warfare. Used concept of total war – do whatever it takes to WIN. Didn’t slaughter everyone in cities conquered. Kept courageous warriors and educated people.
12. Social Innovations and Impacts Freedom of religion-anyone could worship as they pleased. Women could keep property, hunt with men. Communication innovation: arrow riders. Postal riders to carry news across the empire. One post every 20 miles. What was that like in U.S. History?
13. Political Innovation and Impacts Cut off Russia from Europe. Protected Russia, but stifled growth. Nobility and commoners are equal before the law. Meritocracy determined advancement.
14. Trade and Economy-Silk Road Trade flourished along Silk Road due to peace. Silk Road-long road, ran from China to Mediterranean Sea. Mongol warriors protected caravans, raiders were hunted down and executed on spot. Silk Road served as informational highway. Thousands of traders from Europe travelled to Mongolia and China on Silk Road.
15. Silk Road
16. Trade and Economy-Silk Road (Con’t) Goods, ideas flowed from China to Europe-cultural diffusion Gunpowder, cannon, catapults, playing cards, porcelain went to Europe. Papermaking and irrigation techniques went both ways. Foods, crops, and trees moved from one end to the other. Grapes went east, sugar and citrus fruits went west. Architecture styles traveled as well. Sig of Silk Road: led to desire for Asian goods for Europeans.
17. Arts and Leisure Wrestled, horseback riding, horse archery as sporting activities. Told stories around a camp fire while drinking kumiss (fermented horse milk).
18. Technology
19. Mongol Art Art in water color, some oil based paintings, on leather. Pictures on leather first, later silk and textiles. Theme-nomadic life. Had some form of calligraphy. Later influenced by Buddhism
20. Conflicts-Chinese Reaction to Mongols Chinese were afraid of Mongols Build Great Wall of China to keep them out Chinese were different from Mongols, farmers Chinese were located on agricultural lands – no movement Chinese couldn’t keep Mongols from China
21. Social Conflict Black Death eventually spread b/c of secure trade routes. Biological diffusion.
22. Spread of the Plague Started in China Reached Europe in 1347 via a merchant ship island of Sicily 1347–48: southern Europe 1349–50: central Europe and the British Isles
23. Popular Medical “Cures”for the Plague Doctors wore strange costumes Bathing in human urine Wearing excrement Placing dead animals in homes Wearing leeches Drinking molten gold and powdered emeralds Burning incense to get rid of the smell of the dead A costume worn by doctors to ward off the Plague
24. The Plague
25. Effects of the Plague Killed 25–30 million Europeans Undermined faith in religion Economy Culture influenced
26. The Black Death (con’t) Led to labor shortages and peasant revolts. Sig: Led to the Catholic Church losing power and influence. Sig: Would later lead to the Renaissance and Reformation.
27. Conclusion Genghis Khan united the Mongols and created the world’s largest land empire. Was innovative in terms of warfare and in his treatment of people. Meritocracy, women’s rights, religious freedom. Silk Road led to goods being transferred from China to Europe. Led to a desire among Europeans for Asian goods. What other event did this? Black Death led to Europeans questioning the Catholic Church.
28. Group Activity You will be assigned into a group of three people. One person will be leader, one will be recorder, the other will be a presenter. Put the names and roles of each member on the back of the chart paper. Label it Mongol Exchanges Your group will be responsible for coming up with a two-way flow chart of technological, biological, and commercial impacts of the Mongol conquests on Asia and Europe. You will present your chart to the class.
29. Group Activity (example)
30. Group Activity (con’t) You will be graded on: How well you fulfill your role. How well you follow directions. How neat and organized your chart is. How well you listen to your classmates by taking notes on the other groups’ presentations.