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Understanding Cells and Their Functions

Explore the world of cells with this comprehensive guide covering cell structure, organelles, nucleic acids, cell division, and more. Learn the basics of cellular biology and delve into the intricate mechanisms that govern life itself.

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Understanding Cells and Their Functions

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  1. CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS “I CAN’T IMAGINE A PERSON BECOMING A SUCCESS WHO DOESN’T GIVE THIS GAME OF LIFE EVERYTHING HE’S GOT.” WALTER KRONKITE

  2. PLASMA MEMBRANE • NUCLEUS • CYTOPLASM • SURFACE ORGANELLES • CELLULAR DIVERSITY CELL STRUCTURE – SEE TABLE 3-1PAGE 38 MEMMLER

  3. NUCLEIC ACIDS – DNA, RNA • DNA – CHROMOSOMES IN THE NUCLEUS • ADENINE (A) • THYMINE (T) • GUANINE (G) • CYTOSINE (C) • DOUBLE HELIX W/ H+ BONDS • RNA – IN CYTOPLASM (Mrna, Rrna, Trna) • ADENINE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE • THYMINE IS REPLACED BY URACIL (U) • SINGLE STRAND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  4. EVERYBODY UP!!!! • WE ARE GOING TO BUILD A STRAND OF PROTEIN Build a protein strand

  5. MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS • INTERPHASE • PROPHASE • METAPHASE • ANAPHASE • TELEPHASE • ROLE OF THE CENTROMERES CELL DIVISION

  6. PASSIVE MOVEMENT • SIMPLE DIFFUSION • OSMOSIS • FILTRATION • FACILITATED DIFFUSION • ACTIVE TRANSPORT • NEED PROTEIN ‘GATE KEEPERS’ • SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY • ENDOCYTOSIS – PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS • EXOCYTOSIS MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCESSEE TABLE 3-4 PAGE 49

  7. ISOTONIC – SAME SOLUTE CONCENTRATION AS OUR BODY (0.9% NS) • HYPOTONIC – LESS SOLUTE IN SOLUTION THAN OUR BODY; FREES UP WATER TO GO TO CELL; TOO MUCH = HEMOLYSIS (0.45% NaCl) • HYPERTONIC – MORE SOLUTE THAN OUR BODY; PULLS WATER TOWARD IT; TOO MUCH DEHYDRATED CELL = CRENATION (3% NaCl) TONICITY

  8. Golgi apparatus – the “UPS” of the cell; packages the items for transport in and out of the cell • Mitochondria – the “Mighty” power house that makes energy (ATP) from the glucose • Lysomes – clean up the cell waste (garbage men); think Lysol • Centrioles – necessary for reproduction • Peroxisomes – Clean up hazardous material (HAZ MAT team) ORGANELLES

  9. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – makes and packages fats • Rough endoplasmic reticulum – makes proteins • Ribosomes – make proteins • Vacuoles – empty cargo containers • Vesicles – carrier of solutes within the cell; could be storage or for movement to cell side for exocytosis ORGANELLES – CONT’D

  10. LIMITED NUMBER OF CELL DIVISIONS • MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR DURING DIVISION • THESE MUTATIONS MAY CAUSE A CELL TO DIVIDE FOREVER • RISK FACTORS: • HEREDITY (BRACA1) , CHEMICAL EXPOSURE, IONIZING RADIATION (XRAYS, SUN), PHYSICAL IRRITATION, DIET, VIRUSES (HPV) CELL AGING AND CANCER RISKS

  11. CYT/O- • MICR/O- • BI- • -SOME, SOM/A- • CHROM/O- • END/O- • LYS/O- • INTER- MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

  12. CYT/O- • MICR/O- • BI- • -SOME, SOM/A- • CHROM/O- • END/O- • LYS/O- • INTER- • PRO- • META- • ANA- • TEL/E- • SEMI- • PHAG/O- • PIN/O- • EX/O- • ISO- • HYPO- • HYPER- • CARCIN/O- • -GEN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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