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Kharkiv National Medical University Department of Hygiene and Ecology №1. HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS. Main problems of lecture. 1. Factors and conditions of environment which influence on health of children and teenagers .
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Kharkiv National Medical UniversityDepartment of Hygiene and Ecology №1 HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS
Main problems of lecture 1 Factors and conditions of environment which influence on health of children and teenagers. Physical development as leading factor of health state. Complex estimation of children and teenagers‘ health state, distribution by groups of health. Hygiene of education in secondary school. Hygienic estimation of day regimen and school time-table. Hygiene ofphysical education of children and teenagers. 2 3 4
Hygiene ofchildren and teenagers – medical science that studies the influence of different environmental factors on health and functional status of the growing organism and develops on the basis of these laws hygienic standards and requirements, as well as recreational activities aimed at the preservation and promotion of health, maintaining an optimal level of function and the favorable development of children and teenagers.
Risk factors Health factors Favorable living conditions Unfavourable ecological and hygienic conditions Optimal physical activity Excessive or insufficient physical activity Optimal mode of the day and nutrition Sterling nutrition Violation of the regime and character of nutrition Favourable psychological microclimate Unfavourable psychological microclimate Proper medical care Adequate information and exercise loading Harmful habits
Age period – the period of time during which the physiological processes in the body are the same, as a reactions to external stimuli are identical. Passport age – period of time from the moment of birth until the moment of survey. Biological age– the degree of growth and development of the human body. Growth - mainly quantitative changes in the body associated with an increase in its length, volume, mass, due to receipt of plastic and energy resources from the external environment. Development - qualitative changes in the body associated with the differentiation of organs and tissues, their improvement and new features
Main stages of human development Child Teen youthful Maturation and ripening Aging Adulthood
Regularitiesof growth and development 1 Uneven pace of growth and development; Simultaneity in the maturation of individual organs and systems; Conditionality of growth and development by sex; Biological reliability of the body; Conditionality of growth and development as genetic and environmental factors; Acceleration and deceleration. 2 3 4 5 6
Methods of physical development research Somatoscopy Physiometry Somatometry State of skin and mucouse Fat deposit Sexual development, State of locomotive system Respiratory rate Pulse Arterial pressure Vital capacity of lungs Muscular force Weight Stature Length of extremeties Circumferences of head, thorax, hip Breadth of pelvis
Constitutional type а – normostenic; b- astenic; в – hyperstenic.
Form of spine, posture А –straight; Б – curvature (scoliosis); В – correct posture; Г – lordotic; Д – kyphotic.
Shape of the thorax rachitic keeled chest funnel-shaped
Form of the legs А Б В Г А – normal; Б – O-shaped; В – X-shaped; Г – false curvature
Form of foot cross arch longitudinal arch Normal arch Determination of flat-footed ness degree by foot print Hyperpronical arch varus deformation А В С Longitudinally-transversal flat-footed ness valgus deformation
Determination of body sizes Measurement of body length for infant Stature Stature upright sitting
Estimation of physical development. Method of sigmal deviations
The basic sanitary-and-hygienic requirements to construction and maintenance of schools - presence of the school plot and its maximal use for improvement of pupils; - optimum capacity of a school building for preservation of high working capacity of pupils, preventive maintenance of their morbidity; - the maximal dissociation of collective of pupils on separate age groups; - creation of favorable conditions of the environment promoting preservation and strengthening of health of pupils; - the account of local natural and climatic conditions.
Hygienic requirements to the school location • far from the railways, airports, high-speed highways and other powerful sources of pollution • ground should be clean, dry, without sharp differences of a relief, gardened and comfortable • should be inside the microregion, with maximal approximation to pupils (0.5 km of pedestrian accessibility for junior pupils, 1 km - for senior pupils) • In case of transport accessibility - not more than 15 min to one side for junior pupils, not more than 30 min to one side for senior pupils • Distance from school building to a red line - not less than 25 m, from border of school plot to apartment houses – not less than 10 m
Estimation of functional readiness of child to educating at school Express-method: Kern-Irasek test 1) drawing of man (1-5 points);2) copying of short phrase from 3-4 words (1-5 points); 3) copying ofgroups of spots (1-5 points). Estimation of result :1-5 points - high readiness; 6-10 points - middle readiness, over 11 points - subzero readiness
Basic components of the day mode • Lessons of children in educational establishments and at home; • Additional employments in hobby group or sections; • Rest with a maximal stay outdoors; • Eating; • Adequate sleep; • Personal hygiene
Hygienic principles of correct organization of physical education • providing of the optimal motive mode; • complex differentiated application of different forms of physical education and hardening in accordance with age, sex, state of health and functional preparedness of children; • creation of favorable terms of environment during engaging in a physical culture and sport.
